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PL
Sympozjum Historii Edukacji na XVIII Powszechnym Zjeździe Historyków Polskich w Olsztynie, 16–19 września 2009 r.
EN
This article presents a description of Olsztyn from December 1947 – the most extensive developed in the first post-war years and preserved in statistical studies of the city. The document is stored in the resources of the State Archives in Olsztyn. It was drawn up by the City Board for the planning of the inspectorate of the Voivodeship Office in the context of individual administrative units at the district (powiat) level, whilst at the same time constituting comparative material in the activities of the Ministry of Regained Territories. The collected material contains data on various sectors of economic and social life in the capital of the then Olsztyn province (general location, area, population, sex, nationality, age, religion, employment, war damage and reconstruction, the state of industry and trade, agricultural issues, healthcare and social assistance, education, culture and arts, religious issues, communication, hydrology and meteorology, public safety, administration and its structures, etc.). From a contemporary perspective, the analysis and verification of the information presented in the description – showing the actual condition of the city and the living conditions of its inhabitants seven decades ago – provides a useful source for further research on the infrastructure of urban centres in Warmia and Masuria after the end of World War II.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje po raz pierwszy w historiografii zagadnienie starań duchownych o objęcie kościoła parafialnego p.w. św. Jakuba w Olsztynie w okresie do 1466 roku. W dotychczasowych pracach, czy to dotyczących samego kościoła, czy też szerzej, historii diecezji warmińskiej i jej duchowieństwa, podawano jedynie jednego plebana olsztyńskiego z badanego okresu. Przeprowadzone przez Autora tekstu badania, głównie na materiale proweniencji papieskiej pozwoliły znacznie poszerzyć listę duchownych starających się o objęcie parafii w Olsztynie w latach 20. i 30. XV w. Poza przedstawieniem wszystkich znanych średniowiecznych faktów z historii parafii oraz zrelacjonowania starań duchownych o objęcie kościoła w Olsztynie, artykuł uzupełniają szczegółowe biogramy ustalonych duchownych, którzy objęli bądź podjęli starania o objęcie parafii olsztyńskiej.
EN
The article takes up for the first time in historiography the issue of the attempts of the clergy to take up the parish church of St. James in Olsztyn before 1466. In existing studies either on the church itself or – more broadly – the history of the diocese of Warmia, only one parish priest from the period in question was mentioned. The re-search made by the author of the article, based mainly on the material of the papal prov-enance, has allowed to considerably broaden the list of priests attempting to take up the parish in Olsztyn in the 1420s and 1430s. Apart from presenting all known medieval facts from the history of the parish and relating the clergy’s attempts to take up the church in Olsztyn, the article includes detailed biographic entries of those priests who have been found to have taken up the parish of Olsztyn or to have tried to do so.
EN
The present text is dedicated to the beginnings of a creative path of one of the most popular, Polish writers, strongly connected with Olsztyn – Mariusz Sieniewicz. He created with a group of co-workers an artistic-literary journal called „Portrait”, of which he was editor-in chief (1995-2002). This journal influenced not only local but also Polish creative scene and Sieniewicz was main originator and culture animator.
PL
Tekst poświęcony jest początkom kariery twórczej jednego z najsłynniejszych współczesnych pisarzy, ściśle związanego z Olsztynem – Mariusza Sieniewicza. Razem z grupą współpracowników stworzył on pismo literacko-artystyczne „Portret”, gdzie pełnił stanowisko redaktora naczelnego (1995–2002). Pismo wpłynęło na rozwój lokalnej, i po części ogólnopolskiej, sceny twórczej, zaś Sieniewicz był głównym pomysłodawcą działań i animatorem kultury.
DE
1967 feierte das Ermländische Priesterseminar „Hosianum” sein 400-Jahr-Jubiläum. Ein paar Monate lang hatte sich die kirchliche Seine auf diese Feierlichkeiten vorbereitet. Zur Teilnahme wurden u. a. der polnische Primas Stefan Wyszyński sowie der Erzbischof von Kraków Karol Wojtyła eingeladen. Es kamen auch die Rektoren der benachbarten Priesterseminare. Die Feier stieß ebenfalls auf reges Interesse der Partei- und Staatsbehörden, die sich zum Ziel steckten, „der zahlreichen Teilnahme von Laien und insbesondere von Jugendlichen an den irchlichen Feierlichkeiten vorzubeugen“. Diesem Zweck sollten spezielle Unterhaltungs-, Sport- und Kulturveranstaltungen dienen. Die meiste Aufmerksamkeit hatten die Staatsbehörden der Bespitzelung geschenkt. Es sind genaue Operativpläne dieser Maßnahmen erhalten geblieben. Für diese Tätigkeit wurden Funktionäre der Volksmiliz, des Geheimdienstes, der Abteilung „T“ (Operative Technik) und der Abteilung „B“ (Außenbeobachtung) eingesetzt. Beschäftigt wurden auch inoffizielle Mitarbeiter und Informatoren. All diese Maßnahmen werden am besten in Dokumenten veranschaulicht, die im Institut für Nationales Gedenken aufgefunden und diesem Artikel beigefügt wurden.
EN
The article discusses traces of the Vilnius artistic school in Olsztyn of the post-war period. Its main object is a diary of Kazimiera Adamska-Rouba, a well-known artist of Vilnius, which contains miniatures of the most important artists of Vilnius: Slendzinski, Hoppen, Jamontt, Rouba etc.
EN
Cities and urban agglomerations shape the process of economic development in a significant way, both in national and regional scale,. The desire to improve the level and dynamics of economic development of an agglomeration and surrounding areas requires a coordination of actions undertaken by local governments of units forming an agglomeration. This, in turn, raises an important issue of determining the spatial extent of their impact. The aim of the study is to delimitate the boundaries of functional area of Olsztyn agglomeration. Agglomeration area is a highly integrated functional area where various functions are realized like, for example, manufacturing, consumption, administrative or commercial. These functions are realized in different parts of an agglomeration area, so in that respect it is not uniform, but there is always a high degree of integration and an intensity of relationships. Most often used, but not the only one, criterion for the delimitation of functional urban region is the spatial extent of daily commuting. The factors used to delimitate the functional area of Olsztyn agglomeration relate to morphological criteria (that is associated with the degree, intensity of use of space), the functional criterion (reflecting the degree of relationship between the center city and surrounding area) and a criterion of the dynamics of socio-economic processes taking place in the urban area (they refer primarily to the dynamics of migration processes and to the economic development of the surveyed units). One of the characteristic features of urban agglomerations is, in fact, greater intensity and variability of changes taking place in its functioning. The analyzes lead to the conclusion that the functional area of Olsztyn agglomeration consists of 12 municipalities (except the city of Olsztyn) – nine of them belong to the Olsztyn poviat (Barczewo, Dobre Miasto, Dywity, Gietrzwałd, Jeziorany, Jonkowo, Purda, Stawiguda, Świątki), two to the Szczytno poviat (Dźwierzuty, Pasym) and one to the Ostróda poviat (Lukta). The functional area of Olsztyn agglomeration at the end of 2010 consisted of 268 684 people, representing 18.8% of the population of Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship. The size of the area is, in turn, 2 682 km2, which makes 11.1% of the voivodship. The agglomeration is home to the largest and most important in Warmia and Mazury region employers, government agencies and local governments, colleges and universities. In Olsztyn there are also located important for the whole region cultural and economic institutions as well as health care facilities. The production structure is dominated by the food industry, machinery, furniture and tire production. Tourism is also an important industry, because of its location and the landscape.
EN
The article describes the creation of institutions of justice, especially in the former East Prussia, belonging to the district Court of Appeal in Olsztyn in 1945–1947. In addition, highlighting the problems associated with the formation of individual district courts and municipal courts belonging to appeal Olsztyn. It also includes the conditions in which they functioned first fruit farmers working in the Warmia and Mazury and obstacles, which have to face in their work.
EN
On January 19, 1947, the first parliamentary elections were held in Poland after the end of World War II. Their aim was the implementation of the provisions of the Yalta Conference. The elections were a significant challenge for the rulers of the country from 1944, without any social support, communists. They were an excuse for them to intensify their fight against any legal opposition. The election result was also important for the Polish Workers’ Party as legitimizing their achieved power. The election campaign began with the announcement of basic legal acts: the electoral law (October 11, 1946) and the ordinance determining the election day (November 12, 1946). On the governmental side, the entire administrative structure, security services, as well as the army were involved in the election campaign. After the announcement of the joint electoral list, the Polish Workers’ Party, the Polish Socialist Party, the People’s Party and the Democratic Party; the so-called Block of Democratic Parties, it was common to extort support and participate in demonstrative, open voting. Equally common was the repression of people who were reluctant to vote for anything organised by the PPR. As a result, the elections were deprived of the values of a free and democratic act. Only the candidates of the Block of Democratic Parties received parliamentary seats.
XX
During World War I Berlin physician and psychoanalyst Karl Abraham, one of the members of the Secret Committee centered around Sigismund Freud, after incorporation into the army was transferred from Berlin to provincial Olsztyn, in East Prussia. The preserved correspondence with Freud of this period contains many interesting facts about Abraham’s medical activities in Olszyna during World War I (1915–1918). Garrison psychiatric ward founded here and run by Abraham was one of the few places in Europe, where were the application of psychoanalytic treatment of patients with traumatic neuroses. However, Abraham’s list are also interesting because they contain insights into Olsztyn itself and living conditions in the city during the Great War.
PL
omówienie publikacji: Starostwo powiatowe w Olsztynie 1945–1950. Wybór dokumentów, wybrał, wstępem i komentarzem opatrzył Robert Syrwid, Pracownia Wydawnicza ElSet, Olsztyn 2009, ss. XXXIII + 259, il.
EN
Nature is, of course, not only one of the most elementary terms of philosophy, but one of the elementary terms of any language indeed. Even the most concise review of relations of nature and architecture in the philosophy of creativity in our cultural circle has to mention Lucretius, Vitruvius and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. However, a description in the context of phenomenology seems to be the most adequate today, and also the most simple for an architect interested in philosophy (de facto a layman). Chris an Norberg-Schulz and his Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture is indispensable here. Such – and not only such – description shall be applied to one of the recent realisations of Polish architecture. It is the largest – and in the opinion of not only of the authoress of this essay – the best layout of public space in an imposing context of nature: the Lake Ukiel in Olsztyn.
PL
Natura to nie tylko jedno z elementarnych pojęć filozofi i, ale także jedno z elementarnych pojęć języka w ogóle. Nawet niezwykle pobieżny przegląd relacji natury i architektury w filozofii twórczości naszego kręgu kulturowego musi zawierać pozycje Lukrecjusza, Witruwiusza i cytować Giovanniego Pico della Mirandolę. Jednak najbardziej stosowny dziś, a poza tym najprostszy dla zainteresowanego filozofią architekta (de facto jednak laika w dziedzinie filozofii) wydaje się opis w kontekście fenomenologicznym. Niezastąpiony jest tu Chris an Norberg-Schulz i jego dzieło Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. Taki właśnie opis – lecz nie tylko – zostanie zastosowany do jednej z niedawnych realizacji architektury polskiej, którym są liczne obiekty i urządzenia nad jeziorem Ukiel w Olsztynie. Jest to chyba największe – zdaniem nie tylko autorki – i najlepsze założenie przestrzeni publicznej w imponującym kontekście natury.
PL
Celem prezentowanych badań było określenie roli Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w procesach kształtowania makroregionu funkcjonalnego aglomeracji olsztyńskiej. Za główne kryterium delimitacji przyjęto zasięg funkcji edukacyjnych olsztyńskiej uczelni. Wykorzystano do tego dane dotyczące pochodzenia kandydatów na studia w UWM zarejestrowanych w trakcie procedury rekrutacyjnej w latach 2011 i 2012. W pracy dokonano także analizy wpływu wybranych czynników na wielkość obszaru przestrzennego oddziaływania olsztyńskiej uczelni. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że oprócz obszaru województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego makroregion funkcjonalny aglomeracji olsztyńskiej obejmuje także sąsiadujące z nim gminy województw podlaskiego i mazowieckiego.
EN
The aim of the present research is to describe the role of the Warmia and Mazury University in the formation of the functional macroregion in the Olsztyn agglomeration. The main criterion used to delimitate the macroregion of Olsztyn is the range of educational services of the biggest university in Warmia and Mazury. The authors use data relating to the place of living of the candidates who registered during the recruitment process in 2011 and 2012. They also analyze the impact of selected factors on the size of the area of Olsztyn university’s spatial influence. The research results show that the functional macroregion of the Olsztyn agglomeration covers, apart from the Warmia and Mazury voivodship, also the neighbouring districts of the Podlaskie and the Mazowieckie voivodships.
16
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"Granica przyjazni". Olsztyn-Kaliningrad 1956-1989

71%
EN
Between 1956 and 1989, the Polish city of Olsztyn had a special bond with the capital city of the Kaliningrad Oblast. The authorities of this trans-border region established direct cooperation without the involvement of their central governments. The fate, form and significance of this cooperation effort were largely decided by regional branches of Polish and Soviet political parties. Initially, local cooperation consisted mostly of official visits by the representatives of both parties who attended national holidays and anniversary celebrations. Several years later, cooperation was extended to state and regional institutions, industrial plants, schools, universities and community associations. The exchange campaign was expanded to include smaller towns. Several towns in the Olsztyn voivodeship established partnerships with towns in the Kalinigrad Olbast. The exchange scheme included official visits as well as professional visits that were dedicated to specific issues and involved experts from various fields, including farmers, scientists, teachers and doctors. Very few areas of life were exempt from cooperation programs. Youth exchange schemes were particularly important. They involved regular meetings along the Polish-Soviet border held in the form of festivals and political events. Trade contacts were a separate aspect of the cooperation scheme. They were based on barter exchange and had no precedent in the history of both countries.
EN
Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy was formed in 1949 as a merger of almost all previously existing veterans’ associations. At the regional level, the most important element of the Association was the regional board and the superordinate bodies were poviate boards and clubs. Within the Regional Board there were merit-based commissions (e.g. verification, propaganda, health, medals, social), and after 1956 - also the so-called social group commissions (e.g. political prisoners, participants of revolution fights, fighters for the independence of Warmia and Mazury). In the years 1949-1956, the Association was in fact only a tool of political indoctrination and was strictly governed by political authorities that aimed at liquidating the Association. After 1956, the Association became totally independent and the veterans were given a limited possibility of postulating, mainly in social matters. The condition for being a member of the Association was loyalty towards the communist state.
EN
The article covers the circumstances of the establishment of a parish in the city of Olsztynek (now Olsztyn) in the Kraków Land and the construction of a church in that town. The area for the new parish was located in the Diocese of Kraków, but belonged to the monastic parish of Mstów, whose church was under the authority of the Ordinariate of Gniezno. The new parish was created through its separation from from the area of the Mstów parish. Efforts to establish the parish were personally undertaken by Jan Ocieski, sub-chancellor of the Kingdom of Poland and from 1551 starost of Olsztyn. One of the reasons for his decision was his intention to accelerate the formation of the township. The changes were carried out with the approval of King Sigismund Augustus. All arrangements for the establishment of the parish probably took place at the Diet of Piotrków in February 1552, in the presence of all the relevant decision-makers. Formally, the parish was created by a document of the Archbishop of Gniezno Mikołaj Dzierzgowski in 1552. Three royal villages adjacent to the city were annexed to it. The establishment of the Olsztyn parish shows the effect of a compromise. In exchange for the exclusion of its area from the parish of Mstów, the monks were granted patronage of the church in place of the king, who owned the town. The right of presentation was restricted to one of the brothers of the convent. Consequently, the established institution was in fact a branch parish of the Mstów monastery. Despite formally approving the erection, the Archbishop of Gniezno did not claim sovereignty over the new parish. The Metropolitans of Gniezno respected the jurisdiction of the Bishops of Kraków over the Olsztyn parish area. It is impossible to say with certainty when the oldest church in Olsztynek was built. The permission for its erection was included in the town’s incorporation document of 1488. There is no reason to believe that it was built before the formal establishment of the parish. Tradition attributes this foundation to Chancellor Jan Ocieski. His name is probably referred to by the temple’s invocation. The construction of the Olsztynek church probably began after 26 February 1552. The original church was destroyed before 1598.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są okoliczności powstania parafii w mieście Olsztynku (obecnie Olsztyn) w ziemi krakowskiej i wybudowania tam kościoła. Teren pod nową parafię był położony w diecezji krakowskiej, ale należał do parafii klasztornej w Mstowie, której kościół podlegał zwierzchnictwu ordynariuszy gnieźnieńskich. Nowa parafia została utworzona w wyniku wydzielenia jej z obszaru parafii mstowskiej. Starania o powołanie parafii podjął osobiście Jan Ocieski, podkanclerzy Królestwa Polskiego, a od 1551 roku starosta olsztyński. Jednym z powodów jego decyzji był zamiar przyśpieszenia formowania się miasta. Zmiany przeprowadzono za zgodą króla Zygmunta Augusta. Wszystkie uzgodnienia odnośnie do powołania parafii odbyły się prawdopodobnie na sejmie w Piotrkowie w lutym 1552 roku. Spotkali się tam wszyscy, który mieli wpływ na tę decyzję. Formalnie parafia została utworzona na mocy dokumentu arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego Mikołaja Dzierzgowskiego z 1552 roku. Przyłączono do niej trzy wsie królewskie sąsiadujące z miastem. W erekcji olsztyńskiej parafii widać efekt kompromisu. W zamian za wyłączenie części obszaru z parafii mstowskiej przekazano zakonnikom patronat nad kościołem, z którego ustąpił król, będący właścicielem miasta. Prawo prezenty zostało ograniczone do jednego z braci konwentu. Faktycznie powstała więc parafia filialna klasztoru mstowskiego. Arcybiskup gnieźnieński pomimo formalnego zatwierdzenia erekcji nie rościł sobie praw do zwierzchnictwa nad nową parafią. Metropolici gnieźnieńscy respektowali nad terenem olsztyńskiej parafii jurysdykcję biskupów krakowskich. Nie można z pewnością stwierdzić, kiedy powstał najstarszy kościół w Olsztynku. Zezwolenie na wybudowanie go znalazło się w dokumencie lokacyjnym miasta z 1488 roku. Nie ma podstaw do uznania, że powstał on przed formalną erekcją parafii. Tradycja przypisuje tę fundację kanclerzowi Janowi Ocieskiemu. Do jego imienia nawiązuje prawdopodobnie wezwanie świątyni. Budowę kościoła w Olsztynku rozpoczęto prawdopodobnie po 26 lutego 1552 roku. Pierwotny kościół uległ zniszczeniu przed 1598 rokiem.
PL
Tematem pracy jest konserwatorski proces przygotowania naukowych podstaw dla rozwiązań projektowych przyszłych plant w Olsztynie. W artykule przedstawiono efekt części prowadzonych przez autorkę od 20 lat badań: historycznych, architektonicznych z archeologią oraz konserwatorskich studiów przedprojektowych – wybranych pod kątem powiązań z realizacją plant według projektu wyłonionego w wyniku ogólnopolskiego konkursu architektoniczno-urbanistycznego. Omówiono też historyczną wartość staromiejskich obwodów obronnych oraz samą ideę miejskich plant. Konkurs na miejskie planty ogłosił Urząd Miasta w Olsztynie w 2017 r. Zwycięska praca będzie realizowana. Dokumentacje z dotychczasowych badań i studiów konserwatorskich nad średniowiecznymi obwarowaniami miasta i zamku stanowiły merytoryczną jej podstawę. Wyłoniony w konkursie projekt satysfakcjonuje pod względem poziomu opracowań kulturowych i projektowanych rozwiązań oraz uwzględnienia tego, co najistotniejsze w dorobku studialnym i badawczym przygotowanym w przeszłości na zamówienie służb konserwatorskich w Olsztynie. Na obszarze przyszłych plant zabytkowe budowle współistnieć będą ze współczesnymi obiektami staromiejskiej infrastruktury i zielenią parkową.
EN
The subject of the work is the conservation process of preparing the scientific basis for design solutions for future old town green belt in Olsztyn. The article present the effect of parts of research carried out by the author for 20 years: historical, architectural and archeological and conservation pre-design studies – selected in terms of connection with the implementation of the belt of greenery according to the project selected as a result of a nationwide architectural and urban competition. The historical value of the Old Town defense districts and the idea of the urban green belt were also discussed. The old town green belt competition was announced by the City Hall in Olsztyn in 2017. The first place awarded for the work will be carried out. Documentations from previous research and conservation studies on the medieval fortifications of the city and the castle were the substantive basis for the winning work. The project selected in the competition is satisfactory in terms of the level of cultural studies and proposed solutions, and taking into account what is the most important in the study and research developed in the past on the order of the conservation services in Olsztyn. In the future old town green belt area, historic buildings will coexist with modern facilities of the Old Town infrastructure and park greenery.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza efektywności demokracji bezpośredniej na poziomie lokalnym. Do analizy wybrano przypadek demokracji bezpośredniej referendum lokalnego przeprowadzonego w Olsztynie w sprawie odwołania prezydenta w 2008 roku. Wydawało się, iż sprawa uczestnictwa Czesława Małkowskiego w życiu publicznym została już zamknięta. Natomiast praktyka życia lokalnego napisała zupełnie inny scenariusz. Czesław Małkowski ponownie, tym razem bez większych sukcesów, ubiegał się o stanowisko prezydenta w wyborach samorządowych w 2010, w 2014 roku oraz 2018 roku. Wydaje się, iż warto ten przypadek potraktować jako szczególny ze względu na specyficzne połączenie demokracji bezpośredniej z pośrednią.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the effectiveness of direct democracy at the local level. The case of direct democracy of the local referendum held in Olsztyn regarding the recall of the president in 2008 was selected for the analysis. It seemed that the matter of Czesław Małkowski's participation in public life was already closed. However, the practice of local life wrote a completely different scenario. Czesław Małkowski started in the local elections in 2010, in 2014 and 2018. It seems that the case is worth treating as special due to the specific combination of direct and indirect democracy.
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