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Studia Humana
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
3-31
EN
Is the Dionysian God, or an experience of the Dionysian God, absolutely ineffable? Does the Dionysian corpus assert or perform such ineffability? This paper will argue that the answer to each of these questions is no. The Dionysian God is known hyper-nous as the hyper-ousia cause of all. And the Dionysian corpus unambiguously refers to, asserts of, and metaphorizes about this God just so. In arguing these points, this paper will call upon both the speech act theory of John Searle and the metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. More particularly, it will look to Searle’s rules of reference and predication and conditions of illocutionary acts, as well as Lakoff and Johnson’s schematization of metaphor gestalt and entailment to show how Dionysian expressions of inexpressibility are rule-governed and the Dionysian God is thereby (relatively) effable.
Historia@Teoria
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2018
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vol. 1
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issue 7
213-223
EN
The article deals with the issue of shaping the national identity in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. The author analyzes the significance of religious phenomena, and in particular Orthodox Christianity in the creation of new forms of collective identity.
EN
The article engages with the philosophical and theological notion of theodicy as formulated by Kalin Yanakiev in Дебат върху теодицеята (A Debate on Theodicy), an essay which appeared in Yanakiev’s book Философски опити върху самотата и надеждата (Philosophical Essays on Solitude and Hope,2008). The article uses the category of apocryphalness to analyse the ideas sparked off in Yanakiev’s work by a passage from Dostoevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov, along with a series of Yanakiev’ s philosophical and poetic images which are interpreted in the biblical and philosophical context. The article also touches on the relationships between Yanakiev’s ideas and Orthodox Christian theodicy.
EN
This paper concerns the issue of the dialog between the Russian Orthodoxy and the state based on the document The Basis of the Social Concept. The main idea is to present a vision of the relationship and cooperation between the Moscow Patriarchate and the state, which was contained in the social concept of the Russian Orthodox Church, as also the impact of this concept on the development of church‑state relations at the present stage. This issue became the subject of the interest both, researchers, representatives of the Moscow Patriarchate and public opinion as well. Thus, the analysis of this phenomenon is the matter of a great importance to the understanding the nature of the relations between the Orthodox Church and the state in Russia after 1991. The subject of considerations will be such issues like: attitudes to the state and government, the problem of the state system, Christian’s loyalty to the secular national power, concept of the secular state based on the social concept of the Orthodox Church.
EN
The Ethiopian Ortodox Tewahedo Church played a significant role in the history of Ethiopia from ancient times, providing ideological legitimization for her emperors and influencing every sphere in the lives of the Christian population. After the revolution in 1974, the Church lost its privileged position in the country. In 1991 the new regime of EPRDF established ethnically based federalism, under which religion was effectively banned from politics. This situation poses a number of challenges for the EOTC. The Church has since suffered two major institutional crises: after separating with the Eritrean Orthodox Church and after the schism in the Ethiopian diaspora in the US. Without the previous support from the state, it has had to face competition from Pentecostal churches which have been gaining popularity over the last decades. It also seeks to reinvent its relations with the faithful, among whom appear movements (such as Mahbärä Qəddusan) which to some extent contest the teaching of the bishops.
EN
Partenij Pavlovič – the “wandering monk” as a networkerPartenij Pavlovič was a Bulgarian monk (ca. 1700–1760) who spent his entire active life in the service of the Serbian Orthodox Churches of Pec and Karlovci. He used the intellectual network created by the ecclesiastical structures and to some extent also created a personal network that helped him spread the anti-Muslim and anti-Catholic ideas the Orthodox church at that time stood for. As such, he is to a much lesser extent than is often assumed a forerunner of Balkan Enlightenment but appears to be strongly rooted in a rather medieval perception of the world. Partenij Pavlovič – „wędrujący mnich” jako twórca sieci Partenij Pavlovič był bułgarskim mnichem (ok. 1700–1760), który spędził całe swoje życie w służbie Serbskich Cerkwi Prawosławnych w Peći i Karłowicach. Wykorzystywał on sieć intelektualną stworzoną przez struktury kościelne i do pewnego stopnia stworzył osobistą sieć, która pomogła mu rozpowszechniać antymuzułmańskie i antykatolickie idee, propagowane przez ówczesny Kościół Prawosławny. Jako taki jest on w mniejszym stopniu prekursorem oświecenia bałkańskiego, niż to się zwykle twierdzi, był on raczej silnie zakorzeniony w średniowiecznym postrzeganiu świata.
EN
Religion-Based Cultural Communities in the Pre-Modern BalkansIntellectual life in the pre-modern Balkans was fragmented along religious lines. In the multi-ethnic religious communities (the Orthodox Christian, the Muslim and the Catholic), one particular “high code” language was used by the intellectual elites of the various ethnic groups as a shared means of communication in the field of worship, scholarship and literature. In addition, on behalf of the unschooled, who were ignorant of the high code, there existed within each community vernacular literature that was intended to instruct common people about the doctrine of their faith and keep them on the straight path. The use of a shared literary language strengthened the solidarity with each community but also increased the cultural divisiveness of the Balkans as a whole. The lack or scarcity of a high literature in a particular language is no indication of the “culturelessness” of its speakers. In fact, with their coreligionists they shared a rich high culture in one of the literary languages. Wspólnoty kulturowe oparte na religii na Bałkanach w czasach przednowoczesnychŻycie intelektualne na Bałkanach w czasach przednowoczesnych uległo rozdrobnieniu ze względu na podziały religijne. W wieloetnicznych wspólnotach wyznaniowych – prawosławnej, muzułmańskiej i katolickiej – jeden szczególny „wysoki” język był używany przez elity intelektualne różnych grup etnicznych jako wspólny środek komunikacji w dziedzinie kultu, edukacji i literatury. Obok niego, dla warstw niewykształconych, nieświadomych takiego kodu, w każdej społeczności istniała literatura w językach narodowych, mająca na celu pouczyć zwykłych ludzi o doktrynie ich wiary i właściwej drodze postępowania. Posługiwanie się wspólnym językiem literackim nie tylko wzmocniło solidarność międzywspólnotową, ale także zwiększyło kulturową różnorodność Bałkanów jako całości. Brak lub niedobór wysokiej literatury w danym języku nie świadczy o „braku kultury” u jej użytkowników. W rzeczywistości dzielili oni bowiem bogatą kulturę wysoką ze swoimi współwyznawcami za pośrednictwem innego języka literackiego.
8
88%
EN
The article is an attempt to present the impressions of Andrey Muraviev, religious writer, theologian, poet, playwright, church and state activist, from his stay in Vilnius in 1863, on the basis of his work entitled The Russian Vilnius. It consists of six essays on Vilnius religious monuments: the Chapel of Our Lady of Ostra Brama, St. Paraskeva Orthodox church, Orthodox cathedral of Our Most Holy Lady, Orthodox church of translation of St Nicholas’ relics, Holy Trinity cathedral, Holy Spirit church and monastery complex. The author was only interested in monuments which would document the city’s connections to Russia and Orthodox Christianity. His reflections might be considered as a literary justification for the program of Russification of the north-west country, developed by the writer’s brother, Mikhail, who went down in Polish historical memory as Veshatiel.
EN
The article poses a research question, important not only in the studies on (neo-)gnosticism, concerning the relationship between the gnostic strategies of interpreting the world (and especially its typical rules of classifying people, based on the externalization of evil) and the tendency to construct a figure of “hylic” as a person embodying evil, and thus “unworthy of life”. In this context, the author is interested in the dynamics of the relationship between the religious worldview declared by the authors, the one they actually profess, and their attitude towards the so-called Jewish question. Bulgarian material, which is a case of a particular kind of aporia, cognitive dissonances emerging due to tension between the pressure of cultural stereotypes, pragmatic (economic), religious, parareligious and humanistic thinking, has been analyzed on the basis of post-secular thought. The investigator posits that Bulgarian culture, despite the “economic” anti-Semitism that exists within it, did not produce a figure of a Jew the hylic that absorbs all evil and that could be inscribed (as is the case in popular Polish culture, among others) in every troublesome local political and symbolic context.
EN
Vanga complex in Rupite as a religious sanctuaryThe article addresses the Vanga complex that has been developed since 1994 in a Bul­garian village called Rupite. Due to its unique spatial arrangement as well as the ambiguity of the religious practises engaged at the complex, it at the same time effortlessly serves as an Orthodox, an esoteric and a folk sanctuary. The fact that its creators were influenced by the Marxist and esoteric system established in the twentieth century by Lyudmila Zhivkova as well as spatial categories of the centre and axis mundi, resulted in the occult tenor of this place. Simultaneously, mystification used by the originators together with ambivalent approach of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church towards syncretic religious phenomena, enabled St. Petka Church – constituting the axis of the complex being discussed – to become an official Orthodox church. Furthermore, the Rupite complex can justifiably be interpreted as an institutionalisa­tion of the cult of the local seer Vanga, dynamically developing in the south-west of Bulgaria. Binding psychic and healing spiritual gifts of Vanga with folk beliefs about St. Petka, made it possible to inscribe the seer into the paradigm of a Christian martyr and a prophetess. Moreover, it also allowed Vanga to enter the pantheon of saint healers, who are particularly popular in these areas. Kompleks Wanga w Rupite jako sanktuarium religijneTematem artykułu jest powstający od 1994 roku w bułgarskiej miejscowości Rupite – Kom­pleks Wanga. Dzięki swej wyjątkowości ,,przestrzennej” oraz niejednoznaczności wyzna­wanego kultu obiekt ten funkcjonuje jednocześnie jako sanktuarium prawosławne, ezo­teryczne oraz ludowe. Miejsce to zawdzięcza swój okultystyczny charakter odwołaniom jego twórców do marksistowsko-ezoterycznego systemu światopoglądowego, stworzonego w ubiegłym stuleciu przez Ludmiłę Żiwkową, oraz do przestrzennych kategorii centrum i axis mundi. Jednocześnie, dzięki zastosowanej przez pomysłodawców mistyfikacji oraz ambiwalentnej wobec synkretycznych zjawisk religijnych postawie Bułgarskiej Prawosław­nej Cerkwi, świątynia pw. św. Petki – stanowiąca oś omawianego kompleksu – stała się oficjalnie cerkwią prawosławną. Kompleks w Rupite ponadto interpretować można jako instytucjonalizację prężnie rozwijającego się w zachodnio-południowej Bułgarii kultu rodzi­mej jasnowidzki – Wangi. Powiązanie mediumicznych i leczniczych charyzmatów Wangi z ludowymi wyobrażeniami św. Petki pozwoliło na wpisanie jasnowidzki w paradygmat chrześcijańskiej męczennicy i prorokini oraz włączyło Wangę do panteonu – popularnych na tych terenach – tzw. świętych lekarzy.
Lud
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2015
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vol. 99
139-159
EN
Late in the twentieth century anthropological research on heritage, which in earlier years had focused on objects (historic monuments) and space (lieux de mémoire), started changing its perspective, concentrating mainly on heritagisation, understood as a process, and on social actors (states, associations, individuals) involved. The research presented in the article is part of this current; it is aimed at grasping characteristics of heritagisation of things related to religious cults in the Serbian Orthodox Church. In the article, I focus on a particular group of historic objects defi ned both in Serbian expert discourse of art history and by museum practices as ‘zograf icons’. I present the process of grounding their meanings constructed in heritagisation in Serbian national imaginarium. Heritagisation practices such as musealisation of icons and their conservation form the starting point for refl ection on their religious setting, as well as the relationships between two sets of practices focused on them, and subsequently two value sets in which they are called ‘heritage’. Because of their specifi c geographic provenance, some questions of heritagisation of churches and monasteries on Fruška Gora in Serbian Vojvodina have also been discussed.
EN
In the springtime of 2014, incidents, that happened in the eastern part of Ukraine, led to take control over the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation. At the same time, from the Donetsk region, came the information about many acts of violence, directed against the clergy and worshippers of the Christian communities other than the Russian Orthodox Church, supportive for the Kremlin authorities. Those incidents led us to formulate the following research question: what is the situation of the churches on the annexed peninsula? And further, the hypothesis that the situation of the churches on the annexed peninsula, except for the Russian Orthodox Church, has deteriorated. The research material, used in the article, is mostly based on the Ukrainian, Russian and English Internet sources, which have been analyzed in a quantitative and a qualitative way. As a result of these activities, the following communities have been distinguished to be analyzed: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, the Catholic Church of the Ukrainian-Byzantine rite, the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant churches. The text, constructed on the „subject-problem” system, has been divided into two main parts and the conclusion section. Following the research, it has been found that the legal position of the churches operating on the peninsula, except for the Russian Orthodox Church, had deteriorated. The admission of the Russian solutions regarding religious laws makes the implementation of the church activities (missional, pastoral, educational and charitable), as well as the cooperation with foreign partners much more difficult. Breach of the previous religious freedom on the Crimean Peninsula can be considered as a form of a persecution. The analysis of our sources allowed us to notify that the scale of repressions that the churches encounter, is diÄ erent. In the most difficult position is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, competitive with the Russian Orthodox Church. The situation of the Catholic Church of the Ukrainian-Byzantine rite, as well as the situation of the Evangelical churches (well-known for their inner missions) does not look better. The Catholic Church has also suffered from particular difficulties. In the light of the above analysis, we might conclude that the research hypothesis has been positively verified. We have emphasized that the current position of the analyzed churches from the annexed Crimean Peninsula is a consequence of the recent political conditions and the speci' city of the interdenominational relations existing in Ukraine, as well as the close ties between the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church. These connections are also a result of the actions undertaken by Vladimir Putin, in order to find new methods to legitimize his own political power. Consequently, he creates a framework for a „new national myth”, focusing on relations with the Russian Orthodox Church and the church traditions. The difficulties faced by churches described in the text, reflect the practices used in the Russian Federation towards „foreigners” minority communities (perceived as a threat to the confessional security of the country) before 2014. Some of these actions involuntarily led us to connotations with the persecutions of Christians and representatives of other religions, described by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in the first volume of the Gulag Archipelago (1973).
EN
Memory of the New Martyrs of Butovo in Journalistic DiscourseThis article attempts to define the place of the New Martyrs of Butovo on the Russian map of memory. Basing on the assumption that memory is linguistic in nature, the author analyses texts excerpted from the Russian-language Internet (the Runet) and high-circulation press. She notes that the memorialisation of the New Martyrs of Butovo is founded on the premise of shattered memory, its mandated abandonment at the very moment of the event. The analysis of the excerpted material indicates that the memory of the New Martyrs transcends the boundaries of the private and is socially constructed. The author argues that the image of the Butovo Martyrs presented by the mass media serves the purpose of social consolidation and fosters the search for identity-defining ideas.Pamięć o nowych męczennikach z Butowa w dyskursie publicystycznymW artykule podjęto próbę określenia miejsca zajmowanego przez nowych męczenników z Butowa na rosyjskiej mapie pamięci. Odwołując się do tezy o ujęzykowieniu pamięci, autorka jako podstawę analizy przyjmuje teksty wyekscerpowane z runetu i wysokonakładowej prasy. Zauważa, że u podstaw memoryzacji nowych męczenników z Butowa leży teza o zdruzgotaniu pamięci, jej odgórnym zaniechaniu w chwili zaistnienia zdarzenia. Analiza wyekscerpowanych materiałów wskazuje na przekraczanie przez pamięć o nowych męczennikach granic prywatności i konstruowanie jej w wymiarze społecznym. Autorka dowodzi, że przedstawiany przez środki masowego przekazu obraz męczenników z Butowa służy konsolidacji społecznej, sprzyjając poszukiwaniu idei definiujących tożsamość.
EN
This article speaks of the relation between man and the rest of the created world. This is a subject that is being taken up more and more frequently by ecologists, by philosophers and theologians. Man is in relation to the universe above all because of their common beginning. For everything, human beings included came into being "from nothing" (ex nihilo). Secondly: all of creation, even if to a different degree, is subject to the laws of limitations. Thirdly: all of the universe, which means also a man living in it, is called development and liberation from the burdening of evil, in order to participate in the freedom and glory of the children of God (cfr. R om 8:21). The subject of the relation of man with the rest of the created world was dear to the Fathers of the Church, especially in the East. The heritage of the Eastern Church Fathers has been taken up mainly by Orthodox theologians. But there are also Catholic theologians that take up the subject of the relation between man and the universe. Here one should name above all K. Rahner, H.U. von Balthasar and, among Polish theologians: W. Hryniewicz. Among the contemporary Orthodox theologians that speak of the relation between man and the universe, we find O. Clément. For him, relations with God the Creator and Savior are of importance. Upon these relations depend on other ones: with other people and with the universe. If one does not take this into consideration, one's knowledge of the man himself would be incomplete. Relations between man and the universe can be twofold: man can remain on the outside of the reality which shows itself to his eyes or he can be inserted into this reality, which he shall observe as an organic all-embracing unity. Visible nature, as O. Clément writes, is a book rich in content, which speaks of life on Earth and after death. It is only necessary to know how to make use of this book. Man created in the "image and likeness" of God is marked by divinity and participates in the divine intellect and, by means of his body, is in relation to the material world. He concentrates in himself what is spiritual and what is material. All of the created universe can participate in divine "energies" only through man, who is "priest and caretaker" of the universe. It is the duty of man to read the first revelation (that is the world) and to "realize the ontological glorification of all things". But man, because of original sin, has led to a true cosmic catastrophe, to a darkening of the modality of paradise and to the appearance of a new way of universal existence, marked by sin. The man also ceased to understand the true world, the way God created it and sustains it in His glory. Creation,  just as Rs Creator, does not thrust itself upon man, who sees the universe through the prism of his fall which in such a manner obscures and covers it, that he becomes more and more obdurate to the action of God.
EN
The article aims to present personal piety and the religious practices of the daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, Helen of Moscow (1476-1513). Her mother was also the Byzantine duchess Zoe. In 1495 Helen married the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander the Jagiellonian, who later became king of Poland. The sources inspected in order to present the topic were documents and letters from the period, the chronicles of some more important historiographers who published after Jan Długosz (Bernard Wapowski, Maciej of Miechów, Marcin Bielski, Marcin Kromer, Maciej Stryjkowski, and Jan of Komorów) and the records from selected chronicles (Sophia Chronicle I, Chronicle of Bychowiec, Chronicle of Huštýn). At first the role of Orthodox Christianity in the doctrine of the Great Duchy of Moscow is discussed. What follows is a discussion of how Helen was brought up in the Moscow court and what the European and Polish customs were in terms of dynastic marriages with Orthodox Christians. Then the question of Helen’s liberty in practicing Orthodox Christianity in Lithuania and Poland is analyzed. Examples are also provided of her donations to Orthodox churches and monasteries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At the end of the study, Helen’s relations with Catholic church are discussed, for example the debate over the possibility of the queen converting to Roman Christianity and of her second baptism within this religious denomination.
DE
Im vorliegenden Artikel wird der Versuch unternommen, persönliche Frömmigkeit und die Ausübung religiöser Praktiken von Helena von Moskau (1476-1513), Tochter des Großfürsten von Moskau Iwan III. und der byzantinischen Prinzessin Zoë, die 1495 mit dem Großfürsten von Litauen, Alexander dem Jagiellonen, dem späteren König von Polen vermählt wurde, darzustellen. Hierzu wurden die Urkunden und  Korrespondenz aus der Epoche, Chroniken der bedeutendsten Geschichtsschreiber nach Jan Długosz (Bernard Wapowski, Matthias de Miechow, Marcin Bielski, Martin Cromer, Maciej Stryjkowski und Johannis de Komorowo), sowie die Überlieferungen ausgewählter Annalen (Erste Chronik von Sofia, Chronik von Bychowiec und Chronik von Hustynja) in Anspruch genommen. Zuallererst wurde die Rolle der orthodoxenKirche in der Doktrin des Großfürstentums Moskau, die Erziehung Helenas am Moskauer Hof und die in Europa und Polen geltenden, auf dynastische Ehen mit Bekennern des orthodoxen Glaubens bezogenen Sitten und Gebräuche erörtert. Im weiteren Teil des Beitrags wurde die Frage der Religionsfreiheit Helenas bei der Ausübung orthodoxer Praktiken in Litauen und Polen behandelt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Beispiele ihrer Schenkungen an orthodoxe Kirchen und Klöster im Großfürstentum Litauen aufgeführt. Zum Abschluss wurde das Verhältnis Helenas zur katholischen Kirche erörtert (u.a. der Streit über eventuelle Notwendigkeit des Glaubenswechsels durch die Königin und deren erneute Taufe im lateinischen Ritus).
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia osobistej pobożności oraz praktyk religijnych spełnianych przez Helenę moskiewską (1476–1513), córkę wielkiego księcia moskiewskiego Iwana III oraz bizantyjskiej księżnej Zoe, która w 1495 roku wyszła za mąż za wielkiego księcia litewskiego Aleksandra Jagiellończyka, późniejszego króla Polski. W tym celu wykorzystano dokumenty i korespondencję z epoki, kroniki ważniejszych historiografów podługoszowych (Bernard Wapowski, Maciej z Miechowa, Marcin Bielski, Marcin Kromer, Maciej Stryjkowski i Jan z Komorowa) oraz przekazy wybranych latopisów (Latopis sofijski I, Kronika Bychowca i Latopis hustyński). W pierwszej kolejności omówiono rolę prawosławia w doktrynie Wielkiego Księstwa Moskiewskiego, wychowanie Heleny na dworze moskiewskim oraz obowiązujące w Europie i Polsce zwyczaje tyczące się małżeństw dynastycznych z wyznawcami obrządku wschodniego. W drugiej części tekstu zajęto się kwestią swobody sprawowania przez Helenę prawosławnych praktyk religijnych na Litwie i w Polsce, zebrano też przykłady jej donacji na rzecz cerkwi i monastyrów w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim, na koniec zaś omówiono relację Heleny z Kościołem katolickim (tu m.in. omówiono spór dotyczący ewentualnej konieczności zmiany wiary przez królową i jej ponownego chrztu w obrządku łacińskim).
ELPIS
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2014
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vol. 16
23-31
PL
Matka Boża jest szczytem ludzkiej świętości. Stoi ona na czele wszystkich świętych, którym Kościół prawosławny oddaje cześć. W artykule omawianych jest kilka aspektów kultu Bogurodzicy: narodziny jej kultu, tytuły używane w prawosławiu wobec Matki Bożej, jej natura oraz różne sfery kultu. Kult Bogurodzicy, istniejący od początku istnienia Kościoła, zakorzeniony jest w Piśmie Świętym oraz Tradycji, a bazuje na jej relacjach z Synem, Bogoczłowiekiem Jezusem Chrystusem. Chociaż Bogurodzica jest najdoskonalszym człowiekiem i swą świętością przewyższa cały świat anielski, to cześć jej oddawana zdecydowanie różni się od chwały należnej wyłączenie Trójjedynemu Bogu. Kult Bogurodzicy nie służy umniejszaniu chwały oddawanej Chrystusowi, będącego źródłem wszelkiej świętości, w tym Swojej Matki, lecz potęgowaniu tej chwały. Dlatego też w Kościele prawosławnym Matka Boża jest zawsze wychwalana i przedstawiana z Chrystusem i pośród innych świętych, jako wyraz wspólnoty celebrującej i modlitewnej, a oddawanie czci Bogurodzicy związane jest ze stawianiem jej za najwyższy z możliwych wzór do naśladowania dla ludzi wierzących.
EN
The Mother of God is the best example of human holiness. She stands at the head of all the saints venerated by the Orthodox Church. This article discusses several aspects of the cult of the Mother of God: the birth of her cult, titles of the Mother of God used in the Orthodox Church, her nature and the various ways of veneration. The cult of the Mother of God, which has existed since the beginning of the Church, is rooted in Scripture and Tradition. It is based on her relationship with her Son, the God-Man Jesus Christ. Although the Mother of God is the most perfect human and her holiness exceeds the angelic world, this cult is very different from the glory that is given exclusively to the Triune God. The cult of the Mother of God is not isolated from the glory given to Jesus Christ. It is based not only from her personal virtues, but above all on her unique role in the economy of salvation. The cult of the Mother of God does not decrease the glory given to Christ, Who is the source of all holiness, including His Mother, but increases that glory. Therefore, in the Orthodox Church, the Theotokos is always praised and represented with Jesus Christ and among other saints, as an expression of the community of celebration and prayer. The veneration of the Mother of God is also closely associated with presenting her as the highest possible model of life for all believers.
EN
Modern Greek dictionaries LKNE (The Institute of Modern Greek Studies, the Manolis Triandafilidis Foundation) and LNEG (Georgios Bambiniotis) are considered canonical. The aim of the analysis is to verify that the meanings of the lemma [orθoδoksía] preserve the status of Orthodox Christianity in Greek society and shape it for the future. Comparisons of dictionary meanings use the lens of semantic-lexical relationships. Analysis of relationships between dictionary meanings and the socio-religious situation considers extra-linguistics factors, including the dictionary users’ profile. Positively verified consistency between the dictionary meaning and the Greek socio-religious situation will mean that the monolingual dictionary preserves and shapes the status of a specific religion in Greek society.
EN
Memory belongs to the most frequently used concepts in contemporary Russian and Bulgarian discourses. It is treated as the highest individual and collective value, an inalienable feature of the society’s humanistic, intellectual, and spiritual development.Special attention is paid to research on folklore and ethnography, with a focus on the processes in which the memory of folk tradition is viewed as a sociocultural value. Data from Russian and Bulgarian culture have been carefully examined to discover the reasons why memory comes in variants and why facts in the process of revitalization are treated selectively. Cyclic annual rituals and those commemorating the deceased have been analysed to discover the basic models of actualizing folk memory (modification of old and emergence of new traditions) and shed light on the commercial aspect of memory (tourist attractions, shows, and performances).
PL
Pamięć jest jednym z konceptów najczęściej używanych we współczesnym dyskursie zarówno rosyjskim, jak i bułgarskim. Traktowana jest jako najwyższa wartość w wymiarze indywidualnym i zbiorowym, jako nieodłączna cecha humanistycznego, intelektualnego i duchowego rozwoju społeczeństwa. W artykule szczególną uwagę poświęcono badaniom folklorystycznym i etnograficznym oraz rozpatrzono podstawowe procesy, w których pamięć tradycji ludowej traktowana jest jako wartość społeczno-kulturowa. Na materiale rosyjskiej i bułgarskiej kultury szczegółowo przeanalizowano powody wariantywności pamięci i problem wybiórczości materiału faktograficznego podczas rewitalizacji. Na przykładzie obrzędów kalendarzowych i związanych z upamiętnieniem zmarłych zbadano podstawowe modele aktualizacji pamięci ludowej (modyfikacja starych i powstawanie nowych tradycji) oraz fakty związane z komercjalizacją pamięci (atrakcje turystyczne, show i widowiska).
RU
Pamięć jest jednym z konceptów najczęściej używanych we współczesnym dyskursie zarówno rosyjskim, jak i bułgarskim. Traktowana jest jako najwyższa wartość w wymiarze indywidualnym i zbiorowym, jako nieodłączna cecha humanistycznego, intelektualnego i duchowego rozwoju społeczeństwa. W artykule szczególną uwagę poświęcono badaniom folklorystycznym i etnograficznym oraz rozpatrzono podstawowe procesy, w których pamięć tradycji ludowej traktowana jest jako wartość społeczno-kulturowa. Na materiale rosyjskiej i bułgarskiej kultury szczegółowo przeanalizowano powody wariantywności pamięci i problem wybiórczości materiału faktograficznego podczas rewitalizacji. Na przykładzie obrzędów kalendarzowych i związanych z upamiętnieniem zmarłych zbadano podstawowe modele aktualizacji pamięci ludowej (modyfikacja starych i powstawanie nowych tradycji) oraz fakty związane z komercjalizacją pamięci (atrakcje turystyczne, show i widowiska)
Teologia w Polsce
|
2015
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
161-187
PL
W wyjątkowej relacji Boga i Matki Pana kryje się model obowiązujący wszystkich chrześcijan (nie tylko katolików), który należy odkryć. Na Niepokalane Poczęcie można patrzeć jak na wyjątek, z którego daje się odczytać reguła współpracy człowieka z Bogiem w realizacji Jego odwiecznego planu zbawienia.
EN
It is worthwhile to meditate the contents hidden in this Marian dogma, for the Mother of God’s unique vocation gives light to all the people’s vocation. The Immaculate Conception reveals the following truths: relation between the eternal will of God (predestination) and the will of man (freedom); relation between the divine grace and human cooperation; connection between temporality and eternity. The article also underlines an ecumenical aspect of the dogma’s contents. The author engages in polemics against the widespread (even among Catholics) opinion, according to which the Immaculate Conception should be an expression of the sola gratia principle.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2015
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
161-187
EN
It is worthwhile to meditate the contents hidden in this Marian dogma, for the Mother of God’s unique vocation gives light to all the people’s vocation. The Immaculate Conception reveals the following truths: relation between the eternal will of God (predestination) and the will of man (freedom); relation between the divine grace and human cooperation; connection between temporality and eternity. The article also underlines an ecumenical aspect of the dogma’s contents. The author engages in polemics against the widespread (even among Catholics) opinion, according to which the Immaculate Conception should be an expression of the sola gratia principle.
PL
W wyjątkowej relacji Boga i Matki Pana kryje się model obowiązujący wszystkich chrześcijan (nie tylko katolików), który należy odkryć. Na Niepokalane Poczęcie można patrzeć jak na wyjątek, z którego daje się odczytać reguła współpracy człowieka z Bogiem w realizacji Jego odwiecznego planu zbawienia.
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