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Osama ben Laden i al-Kaida w świadomości mieszkańców Afryki Zachodniej

100%

Buchalik L.

Forum Politologiczne

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2009

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vol. 9 - Ugrupowania polityczne i ruchy społeczne w Afryce

275-287

EN

The author of the article put the question about the cause of the popularity of the Osama bin Laden and Al-Kaida in Africa. He wonders if Africans are susceptible to the ideas preached by Al-Kaida, would they be the supporters of the terrorists? Wearing t-shirts and hanging posters with the likeness of bin Laden shows the identification with the ideas preaching by Al-Kaida. Africans, mostly Muslims, are not discouraged that Osama bin Laden is guilty of the death of thousands of people. They emphasize in unison that he is the part of the Muslim community, „he is a Muslim the same as we are". For Africans, of very important value is the person who is strong and who protects the weakest and that is exactly how the image of Osama bin Laden is created for people. In the utterances of some people we can also find the effort to deny that Osama bin Laden could be the culprit of the attacks „that is not bin Laden who organized the assassination, he is Muslim and Koran tells us not to kill". After the WTC attack the likeness of bin Laden appeared on a mass scale in Africa. It was possible to meet it in many situations. The most obvious examples being the stickers on vehicles and t-shirts worn by people of different ages. Less visible were the watches, scarf, calendars and posters. In spite of the mass media hype that sprung up around the Osama bin Laden, he is not the most popular person in the West Africa. For example, Bob Marley or Thomas Sankara are more popular. Wearing the t-shirts or pasting the stickers showing certain symbols, images or inscriptions are some kind of declaration. It would be too great, a simplification to say that wearing the t-shirt with Obama bin Laden is likely to identify with his actions. Some people have very little concept about him, and the shirts that they are wearing are only the fashion and the popularity of the person. The inhabitants of Burkina Faso clearly emphasize that the numerous copies of the likeness of Osama bin Laden result from the fact that „here are many Muslims and bin Laden is also a Muslim, that's why they wear his t-shirts". The identification with the strong figure does not apply only to bin Laden. In the market is possible to find posters which praise the deeds of Saddam Hussein and local traditional chiefs. Osama bin Laden is also very popular in other continents so his popularity in Africa is not surprising. His popularity doesn't mean that Africans are more susceptible to support terrorism than people from the other part of the world. Nowadays, there is no evidence for the existence of the structure of Al-Kaida in the West of Africa, with the possible exception of Sierra Leone and Guinea Bissau.

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Manipulacja ramami w specjalnym wydaniu tygodnika „Time” z 20 V 2011 roku

63%

Marecki M.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

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2012

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issue 2

EN

On 20 May 2011, the Time weekly published a special report issue in its entirety covering the killing of Osama bin Laden. Clearly, owing to its thematic coherence, the Time Special Report issue could be examined through the lenses of qualitative content analysis tools. This paper, however, applies Goffman’s Frame Analysis. Based on two basic assumptions: (1) that the “frame” amounts to the structured knowledge and (2) that the language of media reports is never neutral, but highly constructed, the paper argues that the examined Time issue is fundamentally built on three frames: the “war on terror” frame, the “hero” vs. the “enemy no. 1” frame and, finally, the “indestructible USA” vs. the “primitive, yet promising Islamic countries” frame. In addition, drawing on the cognitive concepts of figure/ground organization and focalization, as well as the notion of metaphor, it investigates how the above distinguished frames are manipulated and modified.

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Polityka zagraniczna administracji Billa Clintona a lokalne konflikty (Somalia, Haiti, Rwanda, Bałkany) oraz wyzwanie rzucone przez Al-Kaidę

62%

Huczko M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Vistula

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2016

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issue 48(3) Stosunki Międzynarodowe

80-93

PL

Prezydentura Billa Clintona przypadła na lata względnego spokoju na arenie międzynarodowej. Okres ten był poprzedzony zimnowojennymi zmaganiami z ZSRR trwającymi kilka dekad, z których Stany Zjednoczone wyszły zwycięsko. Natomiast, bezpośrednio po dwóch kadencjach prezydenta Billa Clintona w Białym Domu, w wyniku ataków terrorystycznych na USA w dniu 11 września 2001 roku, USA rozpoczęły wojnę z terroryzmem. Stany Zjednoczone za Billa Clintona cieszyły się wysoką moralną estymą oraz możliwością pokojowego oddziaływania na inne państwa. Naturalnie, w wyniku wieloletnich zimnowojennych zbrojeń, dysponowały też klasycznym hard-power. W tym okresie USA miały zdolność kształtowania wydarzeń na wszystkich kontynentach i dysponowały narzędziami wpływania na innych aktorów sceny politycznej. Mimo że w tym okresie Stany Zjednoczone nie były bezpośrednio zagrożone, to jednak w okresie prezydentury Billa Clintona miały miejsce lokalne konflikty i wydarzenia, które negatywie wpłynęły na bezpieczeństwo USA i wizerunek tego państwa. Wydarzenia te mogły wystawić na próbę Stany Zjednoczone, ale również, swoimi konsekwencjami, zagrozić USA bądź podkopać ich interesy. Takimi wydarzeniami były konflikty w byłej Jugosławii, na Haiti, w Somalii oraz Rwandzie. Wyzwaniem były również narodziny Al-Kaidy i transformacje tej terrorystycznej organizacji w źródło zagrożenia dla USA i całego demokratycznego świata. Stany Zjednoczone za prezydentury Clintona zastosowały politykę nieadekwatną do wymiaru tych konfliktów i zjawisk, co zaowocowało podkopaniem amerykańskiego wizerunku, doprowadziło do bezpośredniego zagrożenia oraz uwikłania się USA w dwie militarne interwencje.

EN

The Bill Clinton presidency happened in the years of a relative calm in the international arena. That period was preceded by the Cold-War struggles with the USSR, lasting a few decades, from which the United States went out as a winner. However, directly upon the two terms in office of President Bill Clinton at the White House, in result of the terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001, the USA began war against terrorism. The United States under the Bill Clinton presidency were enjoying a high moral esteem and the ability of peaceful influencing other states. Naturally, in result of multiannual Cold-War armaments, it had at its disposal the classical hard power. In that period, the USA was able to shape the events on all continents and had at its disposal the tools of influencing other actors of the political scene. Although the United States was not in that period directly endangered, nevertheless in the period of Bill Clinton presidency there took place local conflicts and events which have negatively affected US security and this state’s image. Those events might have put the United States to the test, but also, by its consequences, threaten the USA or undermine its interest. Such events were the conflicts in former Yugoslavia, in Haiti, Somalia, and Rwanda. The challenge was also the birth of Al-Qaeda and transformations of this terrorist organisation into the source of threat for the USA and the entire democratic world. The United States under the Clinton presidency applied the policy inadequate to the size of those conflicts and phenomena, what has yielded in undermining of the American image, has led to direct threat and US entanglement in two military interventions.

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Osama ben Laden i al-Kaida w świadomości mieszkańców Afryki Zachodniej

Manipulacja ramami w specjalnym wydaniu tygodnika „Time” z 20 V 2011 roku

Polityka zagraniczna administracji Billa Clintona a lokalne konflikty (Somalia, Haiti, Rwanda, Bałkany) oraz wyzwanie rzucone przez Al-Kaidę