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Gutfreund’s rhizome

100%
Umění (Art)
|
2023
|
vol. 71
|
issue 3
253-263
EN
The remarkable Cubist work of the Czech sculptor Otto Gutfreund (1889–1927) has traditionally been evaluated from a modernist perspective. This is paradoxical approach, because, while acknowledging the artist’s important participation in the artistic avant-garde prior to the First World War, it also contains the hint of a reproach for the eclecticism involved in imitating Picasso. Gutfreund’s many drawings offer a different kind of evidence. They reveal the continuity of the basic themes on which his Cubism was realised as part of a group cultural politics that sought to dominate the process of social and artistic ennoblement of modern art. At the same time, Gutfreund’s position was unorthodox, as the drawings from the peak period of his avant-gardism in 1914 and 1916 prove, when, though also responding to recent trends (collage), he was already moving into the sphere of free visual poetry. To understand this situation, as art historians we have to change the existing model of a hierarchical relationship between centre and periphery. This essay therefore draws on Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizome, the definition of which is fascinatingly close to Gutfreund’s own definition of sculpture. The geometric conception of Cubism was a modern outcrop of the strategy of artists who, since the Italian renaissance, had been striving for equal status within the European intellectual hierarchy. When Gutfreund returned to the avant-garde in 1927, his sketch Seated Woman II alluded to this theme. A comparison with Dürer’s Melencolia I suggests how, in doing so, he advanced the semantic unification of figure and attribute, breaking the geometric paradigm of the Cubist flat surface with the concavity of sculpture. However, this also meant the fateful intervention of the Saturnine melancholy of his artistic personality.
CS
Pozoruhodná kubistická tvorba českého sochaře Otty Gutfreunda (1889–1927) byla vždy hodnocena z modernistického hlediska, které je ale paradoxní, protože mu sice přiznává významnou účast na umělecké avantgardě před první světovou válkou, ale zároveň obsahuje možnou výtku názorového eklektismu v napodobování Picassa. Početné Gutfreundovy kresby přinášejí jinou evidenci. Ukazují kontinuitu jeho základních témat, na kterých se realizoval jeho kubismus jako součást skupinové kulturní politiky, usilující o dominaci v procesu sociální a umělecké nobilitace moderního umění. Gutfreundova pozice byla přitom neortodoxní, jak dokazují právě kresby z vrcholného období jeho avantgardismu v letech 1914 a 1916, kdy sice také reagoval na aktualitu (koláže), ale sám už směřoval do oblasti volné vizuální poezie. Pro uměleckohistorické pochopení této situace je třeba v hodnocení změnit dosavadní schéma hierarchického vztahu mezi centrem a periferií. Studie v tom směru nabízí Deleuzeův a Guattariho rhizom, jehož definice se zajímavě blíží definicím sochy samotného Gutfreunda. Geometrální koncepce kubismu byla moderním výběžkem strategie umělců, kteří již od italské renesance usilovali o zrovnoprávnění v evropské duchovní hierarchii. Když se v roce 1927 Gutfreund vrátil k avantgardě, jeho skica Sedící žena II, navázala na tuto problematiku. Srovnání s Dürerovou Melancolia I naznačuje, jak přitom postoupil ve významovém sjednocení figury a atributů a konkávním plánem plastiky prolomil geometrické paradigma kubistické rovné plochy. Také tehdy ale osudově zasáhla saturnská melancholie jeho umělecké osobnosti.
EN
The war turned the Czechs living in France (i.e. the citizens of Austrian-Hungary) into the enemies of France. Formation of Nazdar, a Czech volunteer company within the French foreign legion, became a way out of the situation. It was the painter František Kupka who was the chief of the Paris colony from the beginning of 1915. The sculptor Otto Gutfreund took part in the “rebellion” of Czech volunteers against demeaning conditions in the legion. In 1916, he was sent to a concentration camp. The end of the war reached both artists as being rather sceptical. The war affected their private lives and artistic works, and formed their relation to the French and the domestic Czech environment after 1918. The contribution compares their individual choice in reaction to the makeshift arrangement as well as how they overcame the necessity to be soldiers. The text is based mainly on correspondence between both artists and other archival materials.
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