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Chrześcijańskie małżonki sułtanów tureckich. Małżeństwa polityczne w Imperium Osmańskim XIV i XV wieku

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2013
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vol. 20
47-63
EN
During the formation of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman rulers, similarly to the European rulers pursued a policy of the matrimonial contract, when entering into political marriages with the daughters of the Christian rulers. Christian wives were not forced to convert to Islam. Their status was clearly defined by a marriage settlement signed by the parents or brothers of a future husband. This contract provided females with the right to retain their religion, their means of sustenance to maintain their homes and mansions, as well as high status. Initially, these marriages and the related family relationships were treated very seriously, and one should not consider them to be only a manifestation of vassalization, they usually brought mutual political benefits. With time, with growing disproportions in the military capabilities of the Ottoman Empire and the Christian states in the Balkans, they became a part of political pressure. This did not mean, though, a departure from the principles of marriage contracts. The abolition of the Byzantine Empire and the Balkan countries caused a withdrawal from the policy of the sultans’ marriage contracts with Christian females, and later, a complete resignation from marriage settlements. After the conquest of the Balkans and Asia Minor, they lost their purpose.
2
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“A spectacle which would make a hundred painters drop their brushes in astonishment”: In the "Hamam" with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Edmondo de Amicis, Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Daniel Chodowiecki

99%
Szołtysek J.
Anglica Wratislaviensia
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2015
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issue 53
89 - 102
EN
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a British aristocrat sojourning across Europe in the 18th cen-tury, continues to captivate generations of readers and scholars alike. At once an emblem of the British imperial and colonial apparatus at the height of its powers, and an antithesis of the ideals and convictions of her times, with her Turkish Embassy Letters she has earned herself a secured place both within the tradition of travel writing, and in the broader realm of intercultural encounters. In the present article I offer a reading of Lady Mary’s Turkish exploits from the perspective of a dialogue inter artes. Through investigations of literary and artistic works by Edmondo de Amicis, Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Daniel Chodowiecki, I intend to bring to light a range of responses to Lady Mary, explicit and indirect, in which her Turkish Embassy Letters functions as a reference point, and she herself assumes the role of a “ghostly” presence tangible in the fabrics of the analysed texts of culture. Employing a backward movement, or reverse chronology, in the exploration of the selected works, I endeavour to explore the instances of peculiar dialogues enacted between various texts, regardless of temporal, spatial or social spaces separating them, with the view to unravelling the projections and conjectures at work in the gradual construction of the mutual self-image of West vis-à-vis East and vice versa.
3
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First borrowing period at Ottoman Empire (1854-1876): Budget policies and consequences

99%
Ozekicioglu S., Ozekicioglu H.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2010
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vol. 3
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issue 3
28-46
EN
The financial troubles of Ottoman Empire which started in 16th century reached its ultimate point in 19th century. The Ottoman Empire searching to get rid of these troubles directed towards making some reform activities during the Tanzimat Era. Some of the money needed for these reform activities was met via the external borrowings which the Ottoman Empire had applied reluctantly and then could not preclude. During the period of 1854-1876 which was included in the Tanzimat Era and called as the first borrowing period, the Ottoman Empire signed 15 external borrowing agreements totally. However, the loans received as a result of these agreements were not used properly and then the budget deficit could not be settled. At the end of these developments, a financial bankruptcy was experienced in the Ottoman Empire in 1876.
4
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Czas Sulejmana

99%
Kubiaczyk F.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2017
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issue 15
283-288
EN
Rev. of: André Clot, Sulejman Wspaniały i jego wspaniałe stulecie [Suleiman the Magnificent]
PL
André Clot, Sulejman Wspaniały i jego wspaniałe stulecie, tłum. Grażyna Majcher, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, Kraków 2017, ss. 412.
5
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Nad wodami Zatoki Perskiej. Brytyjsko-osmańskie stosunki za panowania Abdülhamida II

80%
Malinowski A.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2014
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vol. 21
151-162
EN
The main purpose of the article is an attempt to present the relationship that occurred between London and Constantinople during the reign of Abdülhamid II within in the Persian Gulf region and to show the effects of the British policy, which greatly limited the Ottoman sovereignty in the area. The Ottoman forces conquered Arabia and the Persian Gulf during the era of the Süleyman I. The influence of the Ottomans had loosened to a great extent in the following ages. Britain emerged as the winner of the showdown among the Western Great Powers in the Gulf in the 19th century and subsequently it established its supremacy over the region. The Anglo-Ottoman relations relations greatly deteriorated with the beginning of Abdülhamid II`s rule. The British menace to the Ottoman existence in the Gulf was the consequence of the shift in the British policy aiming at the breakdown and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Evidence of the British threat to the Ottoman presence in the region was that Britain, in principle, did not want any challenge to its supremacy in the region, so it thwarted all foreign interventions into the Gulf.
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