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THE NOMINATION OF CZECH SOVEREIGN PŘEMYSL OTAKAR II FOR THE GERMAN THRONE AND HIS PASSIVE PARTICIPATION IN THE ELECTION RACE OF 1256–1257

100%
Likhtei I.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
|
2019
|
issue 28
174-191
EN
The article traces the twists and turns concerning the nomination of Czech Sovereign Přemysl Otakar II for the German throne, and his role in the election race of 1256 – 1257. In preparing this study, the author investigated Annals and Chronicles, created in different regions of the Holy Roman Empire. In the middle of the 13th century the Czech Kingdom gradually reached the level of European states in all spheres of social and political life, its authority and power increased. In view of favourable international context in Central Europe and the successful economic development, Czech Sovereigns from the Přemyslid dynasty have begun to play important roles on the international scene. The status and authorities of the Prince-electors attest to the recognition of their authority. They were provided with the rights to elect the German kings, which usually became Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. The author notes that shortly after Přemysl Otakar II inherited the power in the Czech Kingdom in 1253, his authority among the powerful rulers of the Holy Roman Empire increased. Some of them were in opposition to the German King William of Holland and decided to nominate the Czech ruler. However, he, focusing on the Pontifical Curia, did not use that opportunity, and after the death of William of Holland no longer anyone proposed to nominate him. That is why Přemysl Otakar II, as the prince-elector, was passive in the election of a new German ruler and through the mediation of ambassadors and authorized persons supported both pretenders – Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso X the Wise. Their election testified that the period without the king – interregnum – continued in the Holy Roman Empire has been to Přemysl Otakar II's benefit.
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ВТОРГНЕННЯ ЧЕСЬКОГО ВОЛОДАРЯ ПРШЕМИСЛА ОТАКАРА ІІ У БАВАРІЮ ВЛІТКУ 1257 РОКУ

84%
Likhtej I.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
|
2020
|
issue 29
166-180
EN
The article covers the background and course of the invasion by the Czech ruler Přemysl Otakar II against the possession of the Duke of Bavaria Henry XIII Wittelsbach in order to regain his control over certain territories in the country’s west. Besides, Přemysl Otakar II sought to assist indirectly his cousin, the Archbishop of Salzburg, Philip of Spanheim, who was a skilled warrior but a poor spiritual prince. That was why the chapter elected the new Archbishop of Salzburg Ulrich von Kirchberg. However, Philipp Spanheim did not intend to give up his benefit so easily and started a war against Ulrich von Kirchberg and the chapter. Přemysl Otakar II invaded Bavaria with his Czech-Austrian forces in late summer of 1257. He acted extremely cruel there, impoverishing everything around. However Duke Henry XIII Wittelsbach was quickly able to mobilize his armed forces. Resistance of the Bavarians was unexpected for the Czech ruler, so he decided to conclude a truce and retreat. While crossing the river Inn near Mühldorf a wooden bridge under the pressure of Přemysl Otakar II's soldiers broke through and water took the lives of many of them. The Czech ruler himself was lucky enough to get to the thither river bank before the tragic moment. Many Czechs and Austrians had been burned to death while seeking protection in a tower that the Bavarians set on fire. Decimated forces of Přemysl Otakar II have reached up to Mühldorf, where within 9 days they held out, and then lay down their arms and were allowed to leave the city. Military campaign of 1257 had catastrophic consequences, so Přemysl Otakar II had to abandon his plans. He was forced to conclude a peace treaty with the Duke of Bavaria, Henry XIII Wittelsbach, according to which he renounced all disputed territories
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