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1

Przemysł chemiczno-farmaceutyczny w Bydgoszczy w latach 1920-1950

100%
Ślusarczyk W.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 3
489-495
EN
The incorporation of Bydgoszcz into the reborn Polish state, which took place on the 20th of January 1902, was a turning point for the town, not only in the political but also in the economical aspect. German businessmen mostly left and were replaced by Poles. This process also concerned the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The next decade saw the emergence of a new structure of enterprises, which – with some disruption during WW II – largely survived until 1950, when Polish industry was totally nationalised. In the period in question Bydgoszcz chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers were in fact small enterprises, with simple technological base. They did not carry out chemical synthesis, producing mostly cosmetics and simple galenicals. Medicines were only a fraction of their output. The range of goods produced by the enterprises discussed in the article was quite similar. Some of them also made dressings and veterinary preparations. The sources do not make it possible to judge the quality of their products, but some of them won awards at domestic and international fairs. In the period discussed most of the companies operated on the local basis, supplying their products to chemists within the region. Their output decreased during the great crisis of 1929-1935, WW II and immediately after the war. This was caused by shortage of capital and raw materials, and by war damages. Most of the enterprises discussed employed from several to twenty people; crises obviously resulted in lay-offs. The largest staff worked for “Halina” Cosmetic Plant, which in 1939 employed ca. 100 people. In the inter-war period Bydgoszcz had twelve chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises, operating temporarily. In the case of one of them the time of opening is unknown. One started operating before 1920 and worked uninterruptedly to the outbreak of WW II. As many as six sprang up between 1920 and 1930, but four of them were liquidated before 1939. Four companies were started between 1930 and 1939; only one of those was operative in 1939. Just before the outbreak of WW II Bydgoszcz had four chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises, which in autumn 1939 were taken over by the Third Reich or by private German owners. Those companies continued to operate after the war as well; in addition, six new ones were opened. All in all, ten enterprises functioned temporarily in the years 1945-1950. Most of them were private; two were run by cooperatives. The government, however, aimed at liquidating private and cooperative industry and in 1947 started the so-called “battle for trade”, consisting in levying unjustified fines and excessive taxes on private enterprises, which worsened the financial condition of the companies discussed. By the end of 1950 all of them were liquidated or nationalised, which started a new period, marked with a different property structure, legal status and organisation of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in the town.
2

RESEARCH OF MAINTENANCE QUALITY OF REGIONAL RETAIL PHARMACY NETWORK AS BASIS OF LOYALTY ACHIEVEMENT OF THEIR CLIENTS (Ukrainian title below)

75%
Bozhkova V. V., Shvachko E. M.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2010
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vol. 1 (45)
192-199
EN
(Ukrainian title: Doslidzhennia yakosti obsluhovuvannia rehionalnoi rozdribnoi aptechnoi merezhi yak osnova dosiahnennia loialnosti yikh kliientiv). In the article it is probed and the features of activity of pharmacy retail networks of regional level are analysed. The features of queries of users are certain in relation to the grant of pharmaceutical services. The basic failings are exposed in activity of subjects of management of pharmaceutical market of Ukraine at regional level that hinder their effective activity.
3
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Apatykáři na starém městě pražském ve středověku. Příspěvek k možnostem sociotopografické analýzy v areálu pražského souměstí na příkladě osob zabývajících se vykonáváním lékárnického povolání

63%
Musílek M.
Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica
|
2009
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
97-137
EN
Apothecaries in the Old Town of Prague played an important role in the Middle Ages which resulted from the usefulness of thein profession. The most significant and richest apothecaries in the Old Town of Prague hned houses in central locations. Many of them had vineyards, hop-fields or mills and some of them had a significant income from renting or holding farms in the country. Beside a signifiant wealth and ownership of real property they frequently became members of the town council. Like other significant town patricians, apothecaries took advantage of the possibility to ostentatiously demonstrate their importance by visibly carrying a weapon, using their own seals, impressively decorating the inside and outside of their houses and giving large donations to religious institutions. Based on these facts we need to rank some apothecary families among the elite class of town citizens, i.e. members of the patriciate.
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