The plant protection in allotments and home gardens is not without significance. The amateurs willingly use the possibilities of chemical protection against harmful organisms as evidenced by data concerning the consumption of plant protection products by unprofessional users. Currently, 69 preparations are available for the amateurs of which 23 products are used in the protection of nightshade plants including 14 fungicides, 6 insecticides and 3 herbicides. The number of registered preparations is small. The possibilities of protection against many significant pests are limited and in many cases there is no possibility of chemical protection. Lack or very limited possibilities of active substances rotations contribute to the development of resistance. Harmful organisms which are resistant in allotments or home gardens may be transmitted and contribute to the further development of resistance and consequently may cause economic losses in commercial crops.
The crops used as a source of renewable energy, like all the other crops can be damaged by harmful organisms and diseases and may require chemical protection. The analysis of the register of plant protection products placed on the Polish market on 21.07.2014 shows significant differences in their availability. For crops grown in Poland on large areas, such as oilseed rape and maize, numerous products are available and the chemical protection possibilities are in principle sufficient. For minor crops, especially those grown mainly or solely as energetic crops, the protection possibilities are either very limited or non-existent.
Carbendazim, available on the Polish market since 1976, is one of the oldest substances used in the protection of cereals and oilseed rape. According to Regulation 542/2011, the substance will be withdrawn from use in plant protection. As a consequence, from June 2016 a part of cheaper preparations used in the protection of cereals and oilseed rape against fungal diseases will be no longer available. Products with carbendazim are currently the only registered solution for spring oilseed rape seed treatment.
Host plant quality directly affects potential and achieved herbivore fecundity and reproductive strategies. Insect herbivores strongly regulate their nutrient intake including allochemicals. The nitrogenous nutrients are a limiting factor for herbivore survival, growth and fecundity. Herbivore insects usually exhibit enhanced performance and outbreak dynamics on stressed plants do to increased changes in plant physiology. Closely related. coocuring and generalist feeding herbivores eat protein and carbohydrate in different amounts and ratios even if they eat the same plant taxa. Plants in rban landscapes are subject to stress factors (pollutants, automobile exhaust, higher temperature) may reduce the abundance of natural enemies, parasitoids and predators. Many species of insects possess the capacity to learn to guide an active search for food and hosts. Both plants and arthropod herbivores generate select forces that lead to the evolution of plant defence against herbivores and pathogens.
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