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EN
The article focuses on the problem of representing helplessness in Szymborska’s poetry, showing various ways of describing this state, as well as its importance for the whole output of the poet. In love poems it is very often presented with the theatrical metaphore “acting oneself”: when nothing can be done at the moment of parting, the poems’ speaker quite often “enters the role” of the former “I”, simultaneously having a feeling of lack of control over what is happening with him/her. Thereby he/she underscores the automaticity (and “artificiality”) of his/her own behaviour. Helplessness is also expressed through enumeration: several specifications, which are expected to cover the feeling of inability to cope with the situation (as in the case of the poem Odzież [Clothes], dedicated to a visit to a doctor, which we are afraid of). The feeling of helplessness, a state difficult to describe, in Szymborska’s texts becomes an important sign of a human codition: imperfect, not always able to cope with challenges. The description of this state reveals simultaneously emotional nature of the poems written by the author of Ludzie na moście [People on the bridge].
Konštantínove listy
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 7
97 – 117
EN
Jan Motulko’s poetic oeuvre is characterized by specific themes which the author used repeatedly during his life and which reflected major insights of his lyrical subject. The themes were internalized so deeply that they endured in his work contrary to the social-political changes, and thus became his testimony of the constant resonance of his experience. They became profoundly significant despite the time which passed and memories which faded away. Metaphysical constraints, physical transience, ever-present understanding of the politically determined empirical world and tragic historical events contributed to the poet’s theological-philosophical realization which faced all those aspects of life with a literal and imaginative framework. This realization is based on several simultaneous layers which result in a model (construct) that the poet has used in his collections written after 2000. The model integrates the pessimism of old age which motivated him to initiate a self-questioning process and consider the questions of the plausibility of one’s attitudes in a social and literary context. Even though the issue of physical transience is theologically comprehended and understood, there is some concern, fear and uncertainty which still can be felt. The poet tries to hide them behind the reminiscent glosses of his past (childhood and youth of his native region). The places are connected with the category of home and with his relatives who made those places meaningful.
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