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PPS MILITANT TRAINING CAMP IN CRACOW DURING THE 1905 REVOLUTION (Szkola bojowa PPS w Krakowie z okresu rewolucji 1905 roku)

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Potkanski W.

Studia Historyczne

2010

vol. 53

issue 3(311)

301-319

During the 1905 Revolution in Russia and the Kingdom of Poland activists of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) decided to create a militant wing to conduct an armed campaign against Tsarist Russia. The militants were to be trained in a camp located in Galicia, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Within a few months the socialists and their sympathizers in Cracow followed up this initiative by starting a training centre in their city. The instructors used standard military handbooks (mostly those that were in use in the armies of Poland's partitioning powers) as well as manuals they wrote themselves. The practical part of the training included shooting, use of explosives, and courses in sabotage (ie. disruption of enemy communication lines and transport routes). Formally, the training centre was commanded by Wladyslaw Jaxa-Rozen; in fact, command and coordination was in the hands of Józef Pilsudski, a fugitive who escaped from a Russian prison in 1901. The course, which lasted a few weeks, ended in a final exam. Afterwards, the participants were dispatched to the Kingdom of Poland where they were to serve as instructors of local combat groups. The Cracow base gradually transformed itself from a fast-track camp for anti-Russian militants into a centre of The Riflemen's Association, a paramilitary organization of the Polish independence-oriented left.

RELIEF WORK OF THE DIOCESAN AGENCIES OF THE DUCAL-EPISCOPAL WAR VICTIMS RELIEF COMMITTEE DURING WORLD WAR I

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Synowiec A.

Studia Historyczne

2008

vol. 51

issue 3-4

299-312

Charitable work was one of the main concerns of the Bishop of Cracow, Adam Stefan Sapieha (1867-1951). At no time was his commitment to charity more important than during the First World War when he launched the Ducal-Episcopal War Victims Relief Committee (KBK). It carried out its work through numerous local branches and three shadow committees (delegatury) in the neighbouring dioceses. The diocesan agencies in Tarnów, Przemysl and Lwów were autonomous, but co-ordinated their activities with the Bishop of Cracow and depended on his support. The Tarnów KBK was set up under the auspices of Bishop Leon Walega. Pledged to whole range of activities, the agency set its priorities with housing, orphan care and food relief. The Przemysl KBK incorporated already existing relief bodies, the Committee for the Care of the Wounded and the Bishop's Committee, both started by the Bishop of Przemysl Józef Sebastian Pelczar. The Przemysl KBK agency tried to alleviate the hard lot of the war victims in a variety of ways (from financial relief to the distribution of food, clothing and shoes). The Lwów KBK headed by Archbishops Józef Bilczewski and Junder acted as a rallying point of volunteers whose efforts Eastern Galicia needed even more than any other region due to its exposure to hostilities and the scale of ravages. The activities of of the Lwów KBK, the most important of the three agencies, were focused on the promotion of self-help. In the circumstances it was vital to encourage people to help one another and not wait passively for aid. The agency concentrated its efforts on orphan care, assistance to the displaced persons and refugees, distributed food and clothing. There can be no doubt that the relief work of the diocesan agencies of the Cracow KBK helped to ease the hardship of the victims of war in Galicia.

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2 Studia Historyczne

1 2010

1 2008

1 Potkanski W.

1 Synowiec A.

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PPS MILITANT TRAINING CAMP IN CRACOW DURING THE 1905 REVOLUTION (Szkola bojowa PPS w Krakowie z okresu rewolucji 1905 roku)

RELIEF WORK OF THE DIOCESAN AGENCIES OF THE DUCAL-EPISCOPAL WAR VICTIMS RELIEF COMMITTEE DURING WORLD WAR I