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  1. 2 Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

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  1. 2 2012

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  1. 1 Smolarczyk A.

  2. 1 Szumski J.

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Publiczne szkolnictwo powszechne dla mniejszości narodowych w województwie poleskim w latach 1919-1939

100%
Smolarczyk A.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
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2012
|
vol. 49
111-137
EN
The article presents the public elementary school system for national minorities in the province of Polesia in 1919-1939. Liberal policy of the Germans towards school system on the territories occupied by them during the I World War gave rise to more intensive national aspirations of Belarusian and Ukrainian population living in Polesia. It was a reason why a network of Belarusian and Ukrainian elementary school systems came into being. As soon as the Civil Board of Eastern Territories (Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich) took control over school system, it started eliminating Belarussian and Ukrainian schools in place of which it created Polish schools. It was only on 31 July 1924 when the utraquist bill established organizational principles for school system of Belarusians and Ukrainians. The purpose of this bill was to integrate minorities living in the Eastern part of II Polish Republic with the Polish state and culture as well as to satisfy educational aspirations of these minorities. Minorities regarded the utraquist bill as deeply unjust and undemocratic. Declarations for schools in mother tongues caused sharp political conflicts. School plebiscites in southern districts of Polesia led to competition between Belarusian and Ukrainian minorities. Huge social discontent was a reaction to the abuses of Polish authorities that collected declarations for schools teaching in Belarusian and Ukrainian. The utraquist bill from 31 July 1924 was implemented in most of Belarusian and Ukrainian schools already in school year 1925/1926. At the beginning of the thirties state authorities hardened their attitude towards Belarusian school system in Polesia as a result of its general attitude to the national Belarusian movement. The latter was just found too weak to be reckoned with.
2

Jan Kochanowski – pedagog i przyrodnik grodzieński (1894-1942)

88%
Szumski J.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
|
2012
|
vol. 49
139-151
EN
The main character of the article is Jan Kochanowski, a naturalist from Grodno. His personality was of particular importance for the history of this city in the interwar period, primarily because of his scholar activity in the field of natural science and his social-minded position in public life. In October 1942 Kochanowski was killed by the Nazis, when he had offered his life in exchange for the life of his friend, who was taken as a hostage. However, Jan Kochanowski’s activity has wider dimension. Within his lively participation the Botanical Garden in Grodno was established in 1925, and one year later the Municipal Museum of Natural History was open for attendance. Jan Kochanowski devoted much energy and attention to research and popularize local lore knowledge. This naturalist from Grodno was investigating the regional places associated with the history of the country and some areas characterized by unusual and extraordinary natural phenomena. The name of Kochanowski stands also among initiators of many regional publications and co-editor of the journal "Niemen" (1935-1939). Teaching activity and studying local lore were combined with zealous idea of Kochanowski to protect natural artifacts of the region. Honoured resident of Grodno has played an incredible role in the dissemination of knowledge related to many peculiarities of nature so-called “Nadniemen” area (the territories closed to the Niemen). Owing to enthusiasm and activity of such personalities as Jan Kochanowski, in the interwar period Grodno was one of the most important centers of popularization of natural science and local lore in the region.
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