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1

SAPIEHA'S HOSPITAL FOUNDATIONS AS MANIFESTATION OF COMPASSION? (Sapiezynskie fundacje szpitali jako przejaw milosierdza?)

100%
Gryko B.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2010
|
vol. 8
47-58
EN
Undoubtedly, in the Sapieha family it was Lew who should be considered the greatest founder. As he understood the hard situation of the poor and needy, there were also hospitals among his foundations. The Sapiehas, led by the idea of compassion, built hospitals adjacent to both Catholic and Orthodox churches. One of the main goals of the hospital foundation was the support of the poor and needy, resulting both from the Christ's teachings and the provisions of the Trident Council. Sapieha's foundational activity added also to the prestige of the family. Hospitals founded by the Sapiehas were located mainly in their own properties. As a new parish network was being created, it was indispensable to build also schools and hospitals. Due to a growing number of the poor, the political and economic situation as well as the new waves of plague affecting the Commonwealth, there was a necessity to found new poorhouses. Hospitals in the XVII century focused on giving their patients shelter; only few of them provided any kind of treatment. Patients were obliged to prey for their benefactors, do church service and cultivate plants in hospital gardens. Lew Sapieha's activity was continued by his descendants, but the Grand Chancellor and the Great Hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the leading founder.
2

Jews in the Light of Brest Litovsk Regional Diet Records from the Second Half of the 17th Century and the Saxon Period

100%
Zarubin P.
Kwartalnik Historii Żydow
|
2006
|
issue 3(219)
327-340
EN
Brest-Litovsk (in Polish, Brzesc) is one of the bigger cities in Belarus. In early modern times it was also known from its famous Jewish kehilla, which was regarded as one of the most influential ones in Lithuania. The Jews from Brest Litovsk were famous as merchants, they traded mostly in honey, furs, wax, wood, but also clothes and Oriental spices; they also frequently acted as tolls- and duties-lessees. Brest-Litovsk's economic importance found its expression in the strong representation of its community on the Lithuanian Council (Vaad Lita) in the first half of the 17th century. Brest Litovsk Diet's (sejmik) records constitute the main archival source for this article. They provide only an incomplete image of the social and ethnic relations in Lithuania in the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth century. The Diet's documents shall be confronted with other sources like customs rolls, magnates' correspondence, proclamations of hetmans and other military commanders. In Brest Litovsk's Diet acts are marked by a rather unfavourable attitude towards Jews. The majority of the Diet's legislation concerns various economic matters and the enforcement of the existing laws. The gentry (szlachta) wanted Jews to pay Jewish poll tax (poglówne), but not in lump sums. Execution of Jewish debts was also frequently seen as a remedy for impoverished Brest-Litovsk voivodeship, especially after the wars with Cossacks, Russia and Sweden. Confiscation of the Jewish real estate was also adopted as a protective measure. The extremely high indebtedness of the Jews led the provincial Diet to attempt to ease the tax burden for Jews. In Brest-Litovsk, we can find numerous regulations forbidding Jews from leasing tax and estates, and concerning Christian servants in Jewish houses.The gentry demanded to levy an additional tax on Jews who were employing Christian servants.
3
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The state of medical knowledge in Poland and local methods of maintaining health and longevity according to the Irish physician of Jan III Sobieski

88%
White A.
pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi
|
2021
|
issue 12
5-16
EN
Bernard Connor held the position of Jan III Sobieski’s personal physician for a year. One of the outcomes of his time in Poland is the two-volume The History of Poland, which was published in London in 1698. Not only does the work provide interesting historical facts relating to the country, but it also reveals details concerning the professional job carried out by the author. He was, for instance, particularly interested in curious medical cases and the interplay between behaviour and health. One of the most well-known and engaging section of his work concerns the notes on the “kołtun” and the reflections on the cause of Poles’ strong and good health.
4
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Sarmackie dziedzictwo kulturowe w grze fabularnej Dzikie Pola

75%
Mochocki M.
Homo Ludens
|
2011
|
issue 1(3)
139-154
EN
The setting of the 'Dzikie Pola' ('Wild Plains') RPG is based on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the 17th century. With thorough descriptions of the geography, law and politics, as well as the Sarmatian culture and mentality, 'Dzikie Pola' creates a multifaceted image of an aristocratic state and society, revealing its uniqueness and significance for Polish cultural identity. What is, then, the Sarmatian legacy seen through the lens of the 'Dzikie Pola' RPG? Four aspects will be discussed in an analysis of the handbooks for the two editions (1997 and 2005/2008). Firstly, the Sarmatian-aristocrat stereotype and its variations. Secondly, the ideals, values and norms shown as typical of an aristocratic society. Thirdly, the image of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a political, economic and military power. Finally, it shall be noted how the handbook for the second edition reaches beyond the game itself, encouraging players to further research the Sarmatian tradition and incorporate its elements into their real lives.
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