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1

ON THE STATUS OF PRAGMATICS

100%
Nagy K.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2005
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vol. 101
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issue 4
436-448
EN
The status of pragmatics is an issue of theoretical linguistics that is especially relevant within contemporary linguistic research. The first part of the paper deals with the problem of defining that relatively young discipline and its relation to grammar and linguistics in general. It systematises the most characteristic views on that issue, including the relationships between pragmatics and semantics and between pragmatics and modularity, respectively. The second part introduces some pertinent historical linguistic data, comparing the grammaticalisation of constructions of 'to go' with infinitives in Catalan and Spanish. It turns out that pragmatic factors play an important role in historical change, the discussion thus supports the efficiency of coupling pragmatics with historical linguistics that may prove to be fruitful for both areas. On the basis of historical data, conclusions can be drawn concerning the status of pragmatics, according to which pragmatics should be seen as situated within the theory of language, in close correlation with grammar, accepting a notion of modularity that goes beyond the classical Fodorian view.
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Obecná pragmatika a pragmatika češtiny

63%
Hirschova M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2004
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vol. 65
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issue 1
3-16
EN
This article deals with different approaches towards linguistic pragmatics, in particular with the difference between the general concept of pragmatics and the pragmatics of a particular language. In recent decades, the scope and content of linguistic pragmatics has been accounted for in various ways, from very broad to rather restricted. In this article, the notion of pragmatic perspective in language analysis and description is adopted as a suitable concept, i.e. pragmatics is not understood as a separate component (level) of a language system even though the links between semantics and pragmatics are indisputable. The notion of pragmatic perspective in linguistic analysis stresses the fact that each element of a natural language has its pragmatic dimension. Most importantly, this concept entails that the field of pragmatics should deal not only with signs in the classical sense, i.e. from this viewpoint, Morris' canonical definition of pragmatics is abandoned. Furthermore, some examples of pragmatic description of language-specific phenomena are discussed, in particular the pragmatic interpretation of the Czech conjunction a (and) and of the means of personal and social deixis in Czech.
3

On the notion of context

63%
Tatrai S.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 4
479-494
EN
AThe background of this paper is what is called the pragmatic perspective. The notion of context as referring to the communicational circumstances of utterances has a crucial role in this approach to pragmatics, too. The notion of context stands for both the system of knowledge related to the communicational circumstances of an utterance and the process of putting that knowledge to use, i.e., it has both structural and procedural aspects. The paper discusses the components of context as well as the process of creating context. The components of context are approached by a double system of complementary criteria: on the one hand, as an intellectual domain including one's knowledge of the situation, of the action, and of the topic; and on the other hand, as a system of relationships that involves the physical, social, and mental worlds of the participants. In discussing the process of creating context, the author claims that context is not a previously given piece of reality independent of the utterance, hence its creation requires constructive contribution of the participants, their mental effort. Also, it is pointed out that the creation of context may involve modifications of one's previous view of the context.
4

RETURNING TO A TENSION WITHIN GRICE’S ORIGINAL ACCOUNT OF NON-NATURAL MEANING

51%
Kuzma K.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2018
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vol. 25
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issue 4
564 – 588
EN
It has become a commonplace to regard Grice’s project in “Meaning” as plagued by circularity and almost as prevalent to dismiss such charges as unfounded. Much of the controversy surrounding Grice’s presumed circularity revolves around the question whether Grice is committed to a reductionist project of meaning, or whether it is merely meant to elucidate the nature of meaning without pretending to reduce it to something meaningless. Rarely, however, are these views developed as part of a systematic analysis of Grice's original paper, as this paper seeks to do. The author ś paper consists of two parts. In the first part, he tries to show how Grice can be defended from John Searle’s criticism relating to the famous American soldier example and argue that Searle’s suggested amendments run counter to Grice’s ambitions. In the second part of his paper, he illustrates – drawing on the first part –why “Meaning” both makes it necessary and seem impossible that the timeless meaning of utterances be fully reducible to individual utterances and thus to individual speakers’ intentions. The author argues that this seriously challenges the view that Grice is putting forward a theory of intention-based semantics in “Meaning” which would present a viable alternative to later developments of his theory.
5

MI 'WE' AS A PRONOUN OF POWER AND SOLIDARITY

51%
Jobst A.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 1
29-47
EN
Results of pragmatic research, including the distinction between semantic and referential meaning, the exploration of deictic phenomena and pronominal reference, as well as the elaboration of general communicative principles governing the process of communication, have created a theoretical basis for an objective linguistic analysis of texts the interpretation of which is debatable. Given that pronominalization is a prominent method of exophoric and endophoric reference, playing an important role in staking out the circumstances of an utterance and in organising the sense of a text, its study offers a fertile approach for the interpretation of various politically motivated types of text. Exploring the reference fields of pronouns helps us define the political groups participating in the discourse, whereas studying the organization of pronouns facilitates the determination of the relative distance of discourse participants. In functionalist examinations of pronominalization, the Hungarian literature has been concentrating on the anaphoric text-forming role of third person singular pronouns. The present paper tries to contribute to the issue of pronominal deixis by a pragmatically based study of the anaphoric use of first person plural pronouns, in harmony with the face-forming role of those pronouns in political discourse.
6

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EPISTEMIC FUNCTIONS OF TALAN 'PERHAPS' ON A CORPUS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

51%
Kugler N.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 2
212-235
EN
This paper investigates the functions of the epistemic stance adverb talan 'perhaps' both on the basis of a corpus of written texts and on that of spoken utterances. The comparison revealed differences between the two text types (1) in the frequency of occurrence of talan, (2) in the presence or lack of certain functions, and (3) in the proportions of functions that are present in both corpora. (1) The lexeme talan occurred approximately 3.5 times as often in the 'spoken' text type as in the 'written' corpus. (2) Accumulation of stance adverbs, postposed talan, and overt quotative evidence only occurred in the spoken corpus, whereas it was only in the written corpus that an accumulation of several possible assumptions was indicated by talan. (3) Spoken texts were characterized by clause-initial position, the politeness function, and indication of indirect speech acts by talan to a higher extent; written texts more often exhibited the epistemic function of talan and its role in making statements vaguer. The testing of the various functions of stance adverbs may be facilitated by the observation that talan, in its epistemic function, can be replaced by another stance adverb of a similar modal strength (e.g., esetleg 'maybe', feltehetoleg 'presumably', valoszínuleg 'probably'); in its non-modal, pragmatic functions, however, it can only be substituted for by esetleg.
7

Changes in historical syntax - with a pragmatic background

51%
Haader L.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 4
464-469
EN
This paper discusses the relationship between grammar and pragmatics from the point of view of historical grammar writing. Language system provides a set of possibilities of variation, the selection among which is mainly directed by pragmatic factors in that certain types of texts may prefer certain syntactic phenomena. In turn, syntax thus influenced by language use may become the source of new grammatical changes. That is how language use and language system are integrated: hence, no opposition between pragmatics and grammar is worth pursuing.
8

The pragmatics of replies to compliments: Data on the manifestation of the principle of modesty in Hungarian

51%
Szili K.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 3
265-285
EN
This paper, sociopragmatic in nature, undertakes three tasks by the help of a linguistic corpus elicited from 170 subjects with a discourse completion test. First, it defines the strategies of replying to compliments of the Hungarian linguistic community. Then, it broadens its theoretical perspective and investigates the individual strategies in the light of Leech's maxims of politeness. The conclusions the authoress draws serve as a starting point to her third objective of exploring the cultural properties of replies to compliments. In particular, she wishes to find out if the norms directing the execution of speech acts of that kind in the community of Hungarian speakers rely on the principle of mutual understanding as in Western cultures or rather on the principle of modesty as preferred in Oriental cultures.
9

RUSSIAN 'CHTO BYLO, TO BYLO', POLISH 'CO BYLO, TO BYLO': ARE THE RULES OF PRAGMATICS LANGUAGE-SPECIFIC?

51%
Zeldovich G.
Studies in Polish Linguistics
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2005
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vol. 2
49-59
EN
It is shown that the actual interpretation of the Russian set phrase 'Chto bylo, to bylo' (what was, was) and its Polish literal equivalent 'Co bylo, to bylo', which seem to be quite different, is determined not by disparity of pragmatic rules operative in each language (as submitted by Bulygina and Shmelev) but by specificity of Polish concept of the world.
10

THE HISTORY OF REPRESENTING ELLIPSIS AND INTERRUPTION

51%
Csontos N.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 1
87-98
EN
This paper presents a history of the function of ellipsis and interruption, and of the way they are represented by punctuation marks, between the mid-seventeenth and the late nineteenth centuries, with special regard to pragmatic and text typological aspects of the issue. From the middle of the seventeenth century onwards, the omission of words or larger chunks of text, as well as the interruption of sentences, were represented in Hungarian printed documents by an ellipsis mark, a dash, or three or more dots. This paper discusses the functional and formal relationship of those three punctuation marks, and touches upon the interfering role of printing houses in their use.
11

THE PRAGMATICS OF POLITENESS

51%
Szili K.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 1
1-17
EN
Pragmatics deviates from traditional interpretations of politeness both in its concept and terminology and in the way it delineates the range of phenomena to be explored. This paper discusses these differences in terms of two dominant theories of politeness: Leech's Conversational Maxims, and Brown and Levinson's notion of face-work. The author puts both theories into wider perspective and compares them, noting their virtues and shortcomings. Being less well known of the two, Brown and Levinson's theory is given a more detailed treatment, going through the changes that the concept of 'face' has undergone, and discussing each type of face-threatening acts that those two scholars have defined. The aim of the author is to encourage, by her analytical review, an increase in the number and scope of pragmatic studies in this country.
12

GRAMMAR AND PRAGMATICS IN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE USE OF THE ARTICLE IN SPANISH AND ITS REPRESENTATION IN POLISH (Gramatica frente a pragmática en la descripción del uso del articulo en espanol y su representación en polaco)

51%
Jódar R. F.
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny
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2010
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vol. 57
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issue 2
109-114
EN
With the present article we try to show that the employing or not employing of the articles can be analyzed not only from a strictly grammatical point of view but also there must be borne in mind factors of pragmatic character. That is to say, by means of the pragmatics some cases in which the rule of use of the articles is not fulfilled, can be re-explained. Also the author compares some cases in Spanish and Polish.
13
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(IM)POLITENESS IN THE ELECTRONIC MEDIA

51%
Dabrowska M.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2006
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vol. 62
117-128
EN
The paper describes deviations from the conventional norms of politeness in the process of communication via e-mail between students (as subordinates) and lecturers (as their superiors) in the English Department. It has been noted that the students are to a large extent unable to use an appropriate register in their e-mail correspondence, focusing more on the aspects of solidarity between interlocutors rather than power distance between them. These modifications manifest themselves through a variety of elements, e.g. a disregard for the norms of punctuation and spelling, the use of forms of address typical of the spoken interaction with peers, code-mixing between Polish and English, or the choice of vocabulary and style unsuitable for the type of relationship. All these violate the traditional linguistic etiquette. This is additionally augmented by the inappropriate phrasing of requests which formally often employ the markers characteristic for orders. These changes are attributed to the student's predominant exposure to electronic media communication in informal contexts which consequently acts as the prototype for the written communication process in the modern era.
14
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FORMAL SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS: AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED DEFINITIONS

51%
Stalmaszczyk P.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2008
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vol. 64
9-24
EN
The paper discusses the development of formal semantics and pragmatics and traces various attempts at defining and delimiting these disciplines. It shows how the original definition, provided by Charles Morris (in 1938), has undergone several important changes and modifications. The paper discusses the contribution of Rudolf Carnap, Richard Montague and Polish logicians (Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbinski) towards the understanding of formal semantics and the methodological issues connected with formal approaches to natural language. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the problem of context in Montague Grammar and in more recent dynamic approaches to semantics and pragmatics, and offers a tentative classification of approaches to pragmatics.
15
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TWO LEVELS OF THE GRAMMATICAL (= MORPHO-SYNTACTIC) CONTACT-INDUCED CHANGE

51%
Topolinska Z.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2006
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vol. 62
147-156
EN
The authoress argues that contact-induced morpho-syntactic changes should be discussed and interpreted separately at the functional and at the formal level. She argues that pragmatic and/or semantic changes in every multilingual environment are triggered by the same factors: the need for successful communication between interlocutors speaking different languages and possessing insufficient knowledge of the language of the 'other'. These changes are defined by the universal hierarchy of information needed for successful communication. Referential information enabling identification of the spoken of events and their protagonists comes to the fore. On the other hand, formal changes depend directly of the inherited grammatical structure of the languages in question. In order to prove her thesis she analyses the so-called Balkanisms in Slavic-Balkan languages, i.e. contact-induced changes deriving from the contact with the non-Slavic members of the Balkan 'Sprachbund'.
16

A COGNITIVE ASPECT OF PRAGMATICS

51%
Kwapisz-Osadnik K.
Linguistica Silesiana
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2009
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vol. 30
127-136
EN
The article is an attempt to examine two linguistic trends that is pragmatics and cognitivism, the aim of which is to show complementarity of theses representing these two research directions. Taking as a starting point the phenomenon of cognition the authoress explains its implicit presence in chosen pragmatic theories and she discusses its primary role in cognitive theories.
17
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THE 'NON-NEGATING' NEGATION IN SCALAR EXCLAMATIONS

51%
Roguska M.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2007
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vol. 49
135-149
EN
In many languages there are sentences that contain a 'non-negating' negation i.e. negation that seemingly not really negates the sentence. In this paper we analyse scalar exclamations, such as 'How many people did you not deceive in your youth'! This exclamation can be uttered in the same context as the corresponding exclamation without negation. The speaker of this exclamation is amazed about the amount of people his addressee deceived. Despite of such behaviour, we assume the negation to be truth-functional and the sentence to denote a set of negated propositions, in accordance with the semantics of Karttunen (1977). We explain the 'non-negating' effect through a reversal of the inference associated with the sentence. Positive exclamation allows downward scalar inference and as such refers to the maximum among positive instances. Negated exclamation allows upward scalar inference and as such refers to the minimum among negative instances. We show that these two kinds of reference are two sides of the same coin. That's why one can express his amazement about some state of affairs both with positive and with negated exclamation. The analysis proceeds at the borderline of pragmatics and semantics.
18
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La causalité, l'argumentation et les connecteurs

44%
Pesek O.
Linguistica Pragensia
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2011
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vol. 21
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issue 1
1-13
EN
The paper deals with the relation between argumentation and causality. After having defined causality (referring to D. Hume) and its language representation, we distinguish three types of argumentative discourse articulated by an argument-introducing connective (parce que, puisque, car, en effet etc.), i.e. argument for the utterance content, argument for the illocutionary act and argument for the act of enunciation. Afterwards, we examine the relation between argument and conclusion in these three types of discourse from the point of view of causality. We show that causality operates as a principle which the argumentation is based on only in the case of truth-conditional acts. We try to explain some restrictions concerning the distribution of the causally related entities which are observed.
19

PRAVDIVOST VS. TVRDITELNOST

44%
Punčochář V.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue suppl. 1
122 – 143
EN
The aim of this paper is to consider a possibility of understanding assertability as a semantic concept. This leads to a nonstandard view of the relation and borderline between semantics and pragmatics. For the language of classical propositional logic entailment will be defined as a relation that preserves the assertability rather than truth and it will be shown that this enables us to model some linguistic phenomena in an adequate way.
20

SOME REMARKS ON THE MILL - FREGE THEORY OF NAMES

44%
Lo Guercio N.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2018
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vol. 25
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issue 4
442 – 455
EN
In a recent paper García - Carpintero (2017) argues that proper names possess, in addition to their standard referential truth conditional content, metalinguistic descriptive senses which take part in semantic presuppositions. The aim of this article is twofold. In the first part the author presents an argument against García - Carpintero’s presupposition view, which he calls the collapse argument. In short, he argues that the view has the unwelcome consequence of making contexts of use and felicitous contexts of use collapse. If this is correct, a presupposition account of the metalinguistic descriptions allegedly associated with proper names proves incorrect. In the second part the author sketches an alternative Millian strategy which is able to account for the evidence which allegedly supports the presupposition view.
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