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THE PROBLEM OF THE REFERENCE OF MASCULINE NOUNS DENOTING PEOPLE

100%
Nowosad-Bakalarczyk M.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2008
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vol. 64
195-210
EN
The article analyzes the reference of masculine nouns denoting people, with the aim of establishing the factors influencing the modifications of gender references of these nouns. The data analyzed come from several nationwide newspapers and magazines (Gazeta Wyborcza, Polityka, Wysokie Obcasy, Twój Styl) from the period 2001-2003 and questionnaires administered in 2005 to students in five Polish university towns (Warszawa, Kraków, Poznan, Wroclaw, Lublin). It has been established that gender reference of masculine nouns is determined, among others, by the context of their use and the speakers' knowledge of the words' denotata. Reference is linked to the profiling of the words in question. Gender is neutralized in a general profile, but highlighted in masculine and feminine profiles. The general profile has been accepted as prototypical for masculine nouns in plural, the masculine profile for their use in singular. The feminine profile appears as weakly conventionalized, realized mainly at the level of a specific speech act.
2
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Idee kognitywizmu jako podstawa badań porównawczych w zakresie semantyki

88%
Grzegorczykowa R.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
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2004
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vol. 16
75-84
EN
New perspectives in comparative studies, especially in semantics, have arisen as a result of overcoming traditional structuralism, of viewing language in relation to culture and of the emergence of cognitive linguistics, which emphasizes the role of language in different conceptualizations of the world. Discussed are the following aspects of the cognitivist paradigm, especially valuable in comparative studies: the problem of the reconstruction of meaning (i.e. the formulation of the open cognitive definition) and the concepts used in descriptions of meaning (i.e. interpretive frame, linguistic worldview, connotation, profiling, stereotype and prototype). Two examples are analyzed: 'feminizm' (feminism) illustrates the problems of the cognitive definition, while 'tesknota' (longing) is a manifestation of different conceptualizations of comparable fragments of reality.
3

Las imágenes de Dios y del Hombre en Salmos: un análisis discursivo de traducciones de la Biblia en espańol y en neerlandés)

88%
Heirbaut J.
Estudios Hispánicos
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2011
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vol. 19
151-164
EN
Through a comparative discourse analysis, we examine to what extent the conceptualization of the relationship between God and man varies, in 30 psalms, in modern Spanish and Dutch Bible translations. We analyze the lexical expressions denoting them, with a focus on person reference, the syntactic distribution of the constituents referring to them and their discourse and semantic roles. The corpus is drawn from the Wilibrordvertaling (1995) and Biblia de Jerusalén (1998), used mainly in Catholic circles, and the Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling (2004) and Dios Habla Hoy (2002), interconfessional translations. On average, each subcorpus counts 1084 verbal clauses, our basic research units. Following the idea put forward in politeness studies that among the European, and by expansion Western, cultures or language communities, some tend to ‘distance’ while others rather privilege ‘solidarity’ in social relationships, we postulate that although the over-all image of God and Man is similar in the different versions, the interactional distance between them differs.
4
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Konceptualizace bolesti v polštině: příspěvek ke srovnávacímu výzkumu

75%
Waszakowa K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2010
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vol. 71
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issue 4
298-309
EN
The paper presents the picture of pain in Polish, as represented by numerous expressions figuring the lexeme bol 'pain'. The expressions were documented either in dictionaries of Polish or in the PWN Corpus of Polish. The main focus is on conceptual metonymies and metaphors used by speakers and writers of Polish to think and talk about pain. It discusses the way they understand experiencing pain, what conceptual schemata and comparisons they invoke. Experiencing physical pain is shown according to the following profiles: 1) the pain itself as a process; 2) pain as a subject-phenomenon; 3) the feeling of pain by the subject-experiencer; 3) the localization of the pain; 4) the actions undertaken by the subject-experiencer to alleviate or eliminate pain; 6) the means used by the subject-experiencer to alleviate and/or eliminate pain. The final part of the paper discusses perspectives on contrastive research which include both a detailed analysis of lexemes pertaining to the semantic field of 'pain' in different languages and the comparison of the ways in which the pain is conceptualized in the languages analyzed.
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