Search results

1

AUTOKRACIE A OCHRANA VLASTNICKÝCH PRÁV

100%

Mikula Š.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2012

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vol. 60

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issue 5

528 – 543

EN

This paper uses a simple econometric model to test a hypothesis of the dependency of the level of property rights protection in autocratic regimes on a probability that the ruling power group stays in power. The model also tests if there is a significant relationship between a communist ideological orientation of a ruling group and property rights protection. The model is based on cross-sectional data over the period of 1984 – 2007, and its results indicate that the relationship between the level of property rights protection and the probability that a ruling power group stays in power is systematically significant only in 1980s; therefore the hypothesis does not seem to be generally valid. The outcomes of the model do not even support the significance of a communist ideological orientation for the level of property rights protection.

2

OSOBITOSTI ZÁVÄZKOVÝCH VZŤAHOV VEREJNÝCH VÝSKUMNÝCH INŠTITÚCIÍ

100%

Lapšanský L.

Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)

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2018

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vol. 101

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issue 2

142 – 164

EN

The legislator has established in Slovak law a new type of legal persons – public research institutions and regulated a number of distinctive specific features of the regime of their obligation relationships. The specific features of obligation relationships of public research institutions intervene into different phases of existence of obligation relationships and show different degree of generality; some personalities are subject to obligation relationships of public research institutions in general, others are only subject to certain segments of obligation relationships. The legislator has determined specific features in the regime of obligation relationships in case of the use of property of a public research institution.

3

PRIVATIZATION AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT (Prywatyzacja instrumentem wzrostu efektywnosci gospodarowania)

100%

Wyszkowska D.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

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2010

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issue 3 (47)

122-144

EN

The developments in business initiated in 1989 were accompanied by actions aimed at adjusting the property structure of our economy to the capitalist standards. This article is an attempt to summerize deliberations on the dominance of private over public property. So far, there are many theories in the academic achievements concerning the effectiveness of both property forms. Their qualities determine human behaviour, leading to various actions which influence labour efficiency and productivity of engaged resources. In her paper the author presents, based on selected theories, arguments for privatization of state subjects characterized by lower effectiveness of management than private subjects. Verification of the adopted in theories regularities could be achieved by conducting empirical research within the scope of the effectiveness of the privatization carried out in Poland in recent 20 years. However, an analysis of statistical data concerning the life cycle of privatized subjets provides contradictory information. It is true, there is a number of enterprises which, owing to the fact that they had changed the form of property, improved their financial condition and the level of competitiveness. However, there are such firms that terminated their operations through liquidation or bankrupcy. Nevertheless, the subjects of the private sector are certainly much more efficient in relation to management of resources which, consequently, directly determines the financial results of their business activities.

4

Wykorzystanie instytucjonalnych form ochrony własności intelektualnej w przedsiębiorstwie – zarys problematyki

100%

M Dereń A.

Zarządzanie i Finanse

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2012

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vol. 1

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issue 3

61-71

EN

Economic subjects, which its strategy based at the innovative potential need to make efficient use of available intellectual assets value and should therefore take measures to ensure the development and protection of these resources. This protection is one of the key components of intellectual property management in the enterprise. The article presents the problem of the use of institutional forms of intellectual property protection in economic activity. In describing the essence of the protection sought to demonstrate its importance, not only for the development of innovative activities of modern enterprises, but also to increase the economic potential and strengthen the market position of the company.

5

MAJETKOVÉ POMERY STREDOVEKÝCH AUGUSTINIÁNSKYCH KLÁŠTOROV TZV. SPIŠSKÉHO DIŠTRIKTU

88%

Huťka M.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2020

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vol. 68

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issue 4

593 – 607

EN

The presented study focuses on the attitude of Hungarian Augustinians towards the ownership of movable and immovable property in the middle ages. The issue is examined using the example of four monasteries of this order, which were located in present-day Slovakia. These monasteries in Veľký Šariš, Hrabkov, Bardejov and Spišské Podhradie belonged to the so-called Spiš District. Its existence and significance are also examined. All these Augustinian monasteries owned property in some form (from the ownership of entire villages or houses, to money and cattle). Since poverty was supposed to be a typical feature of mendicants, the attitude of the medieval Augustinian order towards property in its various forms makes a compelling focal research question of this study.

6

THE MEANING OF PROPERTY IN THE PROCESS OF HOME CREATION (Vyznam vlastnictva v procese tvorby domova)

88%

Lutherova S.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2009

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vol. 57

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issue 3

367-386

EN

Home is not only a fulfilment of the primary human needs to have a nest, but it is a part of the process of social identification of any individual. When creating home, many factors influence the decision-making process, from personal preferences, taste, ideal notions and social aspirations to broader social and economical factors. However, the need to have a home can be satisfied only when the individual acquires the using rights for the dwelling. The paper focuses on the relationship between personal constructing of property and objectification of the individual through the process of home creation. The data, acquired through in-depth qualitative interviews in Stockholm in the spring 2009, are the means of analyzing the concepts of home and property as individualized processes.

7

JE ČÍSLO VLASTNOST VNĚJŠÍCH VĚCÍ? MILL – FREGE - KESSLER

88%

Sousedík P., Svoboda D.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2014

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vol. 21

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issue 1

45 – 62

EN

In this paper we deal with the problem, whether number is a property of external things. It is divided into three parts. Firstly Mill’s empirical concept of natural numbers is summarized, then Frege’s arguments against this conception are put forth and finally viewpoints of some contemporary analytical philosophers (first of all G. Kessler), who reject Frege’s critique, are set out. Kessler and his followers in fact revive the abandoned theory of Mill.

8

OD PRINCÍPOV K SÚVISLOSTIAM: MARX A NOZICK, RESP.RAWLS O DISTRIBUTÍVNEJ SPRAVODLIVOSTI

88%

Xiaoping W.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2006

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vol. 61

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issue 3

247

EN

The problem of distributive justice has been widely discussed by Western and Chinese students of Marxism. This interest results from the historical transformation of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe at the end of the 1980s, and also from the crucial transition in China beginning in the late 1970s. Taking the basic principle of distributive justice as a reward according to the effort this paper discusses the differences between liberal thinkers (John Rawls and Robert Nozick) and Karl Marx. It deals with the concept of 'private property', or even 'private ownership'. Marx sees that the principle has been betrayed under the condition of private ownership: capitalist exploits workers and he hides this with the replacement of private ownership by public ownership; at last the principle of justice is replaced by the principle called beyond justice. Nozick sees the private ownership as the natural result of the principle (he regards it as self-ownership), Rawls shares the position with Nozick, but improve it with 'justice as fairness' which combines the principle of justice with the principle called beyond justice. Both Nozick and Rawls do not suspect that the principle itself would be betrayed under the condition of private ownership.

9

PÉČE A PŘEDJÍMAVOST: IDEA UDRŽITELNOSTI V HEGELOVĚ PRAKTICKÉ FILOZOFII

88%

Vieweg K.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2023

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vol. 78

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issue 8

605 – 618

EN

In his major work Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Hegel deals with the notion of the person, personality and inter-personality, fundamental law, property, the formation of nature as self-creation and the formation of external nature, appropriation, intellectual property, contracts and lies. Using these, he discusses sustainability and describes the process by which humans come to own things, i.e., to appropriate and shape nature. Appropriation has the following moments: a) the moment of immediate physical grasp; b) the moment of creation; c) the moment of denomination. From Hegel’s point of view, so-called elementary things (water, air) cannot be part of property: these goods are the preconditions of human existence. Hegel left behind no developed concept of sustainability, but he did sketch the essential contours of this key issue for the twenty-first century. His insights into the shaping of the world around us (Um-Welt), or the surrounding nature, are of particular importance because they address an existential problem that was not as clearly manifested in Hegel’s time and therefore has not received as much attention as it does today – despite the considerable environmental damage that was already occurring in Hegel’s time.

10

MOŽNÉ INDIVÍDUÁ A POSIBÍLIE (I)

75%

Cmorej P.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2015

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vol. 70

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issue 8

585 – 600

EN

The present paper offers (i) a logic-semantic analysis of sentences of the form „(ιx)Φ(x) is C“, where C stands for „possible“ (LP) or „merely possible“ (MP) or „really possible“ (Re) or „impossible“ (NP) and (ii) an explication of intuitive meanings of these expressions using modal temporal semantics. The crucial question concerning this analysis runs: What are the items to which modality C is attributed in these sentences? Is it an individual that is the referent of the description „(ιx)Φ(x)“ or an intension generated by the meaning of the description or the meaning of the description itself? It is argued that the most suitable response is the last one. Unlike some other positions, the present view has it that possibilia are not individuals but meanings of individual descriptions that have referents only at world-time couples where w is not the actual world. Being a possibilium amounts to being the meaning of a description having the property MP that is defined as follows: (ιx)Φ(x) is MP if (ιx)Φ(x) is possible, but there is not exactly one individual having the property (λx)Φ(x) at some world-time couple where a w is the actual world. Apart from the concept of possibilium, another concept of semipossibilium (SP) is introduced namely the meaning of a description which except some referents in the actual world has also at least one referential pause in this world. The first part introduces (i) the notions of semantic reference and user’s intentional reference, (ii) the difference between the actual world and the real world and (iii) the definitions of LP, MP, Re and NP modalities. The second part tries to answer the question whether the intension or meaning of a description is a suitable subject of predication in sentences which have the form „(ιx)Φ(x) is C“. The rest of this part deals with possibilia and semipossibilia.

11

K pozemkové výbavě české nobility ve starším středověku

63%

Žemlička J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2012

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vol. 110

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issue 2

189-233

EN

Around the mid–10th century Boleslav I. united the whole of Bohemia under the rule of one prince. He, thus, established the foundations of the Bohemian medieval state, which had to cope, in the initial stages of its development, with a number of systemic problems, primarily with limited economic opportunities and a lack of a more developed economic market. „The state“ represented by this Prince from the Przemyslid dynasty, therefore, took specific measures to ensure its proper functioning. It relied on the support of a class of „noble Czechs“. By conferring benefices (beneficia) on them, the Prince, entrusted to their care not merely the administration of his castles (civitates, urbes), which formed the backbone of „state“ administration, but also granted them other positions at the Prague court and in the provinces. These comites, nobiles, primates, milites, primores and so on, could not yet base their claims to power on their large landed estates and they relied primarily on their positions at the court and in the provinces. They primarily lived on their share of princely incomes and revenues. In recent times some historians have returned to earlier opinions which claimed that the early nobility in Bohemia and Moravia (10th–12th centuries) had relied on large landed possessions partly acquired, it is said, in the period before the unification of Czech territory. At the same time, it is suggested that there was a partial continuity with the traditional „pre-state“ aristocracy, possibly with the „Bohemian dukes“ (duces Boemanorum), who shared Czech territory in the 9th century and at the beginning of the 10th century (in the year 845 there were at least 14 princes). They disappeared from the stage of history with the Big Bang foundation of a unified „state“. Relatively large land possessions were also supposed to guarantee to these nobles their strong position and influence with regard to the Prince. The current study questions these views and presents other arguments as to why the possessions of the early nobility could only emerge as a result of princely service and „state“ administration. Principally, larger noble estates could have barely been accommodated there. Early settlement sites covered no more than 15–20% of the area of current Bohemia and the possessions of both the Prince and the Church dominated, with Church posssessions being derived almost exclusively from the princely benefices. If the properties of comites, primates, nobiles, milites and others can be documented, they were limited and dispersed before the mid–12th century. They were usually transferred into the hands of „lay persons“ (Church terminology) from originally all embracing princely ownership of land, often in the form of a gift of land for life (the so-called grant of benefice), the disposal of which was subject to the Prince’s consent. At times, it is pointed out that the early nobility was able to found monasteries, which would have reflected its economic strength, yet these were outright exceptions before the mid–12th century (Sedlec, Podlažice). Only after the mid–12th century were there better preconditions for the establishment and construction of larger landed estates on the part of the foremost noble families. The Czech Lands and the whole of Central Europe underwent a period of transformation and modernisation, accompanied by urbanisation, the development of exchange and the spread of minted coins. Society underwent changes and the nobility naturally changed also. A mighty wave of colonisation led to the settlement of not merely the hinterland plains and undulating countryside, but in Bohemia it also penetrated as far as the foothills of the border mountains. Foremost noble families put roots down in the newly settled territories and transferred the focus of their property interests there. In these places the conditions were ripe for the establishment of a new kind of dependence structures, the lord on one hand and the serf on the other. At the same time the circulation of chieftains in lucrative positions gradually slowed down. Their material possessions slowly overflowed into a qualitatively new „landed“ nobility (sometimes this is referred to as a so-called „privatisation“). No longer a position or a benefice but one’s landed estate dictated its owner’s influence, power and social status. These tendencies strengthened in the later stages of the 13th century. There appeared huge landed dominia belonging to a number of noble families who flourished in princely service such as the Hrabische family, the Witigonen family, the Markwartinger family. Yet, others, especially the second ranking milites and partially those yeomen who managed to preserve a certain independence, clamoured for better financial security in the newly settled terrritories. The above gave rise to a future lesser nobility. At the same time, the value of an estate held came to be assessed more rationally. It was no longer its area but its profitability, which became the determining criterion, also reflected in price relations (sale, purchase, exchange). In these processes the nobility attained features, which came to characterise it for the remainder of the Middle Ages: large landed ownership and political unification in a common „Land community“ (communitas, in the words of the chronicler Dalimil – a fence), forming a counterbalance to the ruling power.

12

Państwowa Straż Pożarna jako grupa dyspozycyjna w systemie zarządzania kryzysowego

63%

Żurawski S., Ciekanowski Z.

Aviation and Security Issues

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2022

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vol. 1

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issue 1

17-31

EN

The aim of the article was to identify the State Fire Service, as well as to place it in the National Fire and Rescue System and crisis management systems. Answering the questions-problems posed by the author the study presents the characteristics of the State Fire Service, indicates its place in the National Fire and Rescue System, and describes the location of the State Fire Service in crisis management structures. It has been pointed out that the State Fire Service is facing completely new challenges and threats in the area of security that require coordinated actions, and appropriate procedures at each level. Starting the considerations, the essence of the National Fire and Rescue System was first referred to and the most important tasks that had an impact on crisis management were described. Then the essence and areas of security were introduced. In the main part, the authors describe the place of the State Fire Service in the National Fire and Rescue System and their activities as one of the basic disposable groups in the crisis management system. Summing up, they indicate the important role played by the State Fire Service in crisis management, acting at every level in terms of the safety of the local community and the state.

PL

Celem artykułu była identyfikacja zadań Państwowej Straży Pożarnej, a także określenie miejsca tej służby ratowniczej w krajowym systemie ratowniczo-gaśniczym (KSRG) oraz strukturach zarządzania kryzysowego. Odpowiadając na postawione przez autorów pytania-problemy, w opracowaniu przedstawiono charakterystykę Państwowej Straży Pożarnej, wskazano na jej miejsce w krajowym systemie ratowniczo-gaśniczym oraz opisano umiejscowienie PSP w strukturach zarządzania kryzysowego. Zwrócono uwagę, iż przed PSP stoją zupełnie nowe wyzwania i zagrożenia w obszarze bezpieczeństwa, które wymagają skoordynowanych działań, odpowiednich procedur na każdym poziomie. Rozpoczynając rozważania, w pierwszej kolejności odniesiono się do istoty krajowego systemu ratowniczo-gaśniczego oraz opisano najważniejsze zadania, które mają wpływ na zarządzanie kryzysowe. Następnie przybliżono istotę oraz obszary bezpieczeństwa. W głównej części artykułu autorzy opisali miejsce PSP w systemie KSRG oraz ich działania jako jednej z podstawowych grup dyspozycyjnych w systemie zarządzania kryzysowego. Podsumowując, wskazano na istotną rolę, jaką pełnią PSP w zarządzaniu kryzysowym, działając na każdym poziomie w zakresie bezpieczeństwa społeczności lokalnej oraz państwa.

13

O „svobodné soukromosti“ pozemkového vlastnictví (K rozsahu a kvalitě velmožské držby v přemyslovských Čechách)

51%

Zemlicka J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2009

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vol. 107

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issue 2

269-308

EN

When studying early state organisms in Central Europe (Bohemia, Poland, Hungary), specialist literature often uses terms such as landed 'property', ''possession' and 'tenure', without researchers simultaneously asking what qualitative features these 'properties' had in the 10th - 12th centuries and to what degree their holder could freely and fully dispose of them. To put it in other words, the question is whether and how the ruler's sovereignty over the country and its population manifested itself. This study also makes use of non-traditional methods of history of settlement and it re-visits the question of which routes led to the formation of large aristocratic estates in the Earlier Middle Ages. Its conclusions contribute to the discussion on both the nature of early Central European monarchies and the preconditions, which initiated their profound 13th century transformation.

14

ASPECTS OF SOCIETAL STATUS IN THE ANCIENT SOCIAL PARADIGM

51%

Frank D. D.

Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)

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2008

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vol. 25

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issue 4

535-554

EN

The essay mainly tries to make a comparison between the Old Babylonian Empire and the Hittite World, by empirically analysing the servants' rise from one social position to another. The author separately discusses status inconsistency in the Old Babylonian Empire and the integration of the ancient Oriental elite into the dimension of social status. Was there discrimination by gender in the Hettite labour market? What chances of mobility existed in the Egyptian army? The paper dwells on the problems of formal/informal prestige at length in the learned elite, not disregarding even such factors like emancipation, inheritance and law suits of slaves.

15

Być czy mieć? Pochwała posiadania i własności

51%

Guczalska K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2012

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issue 887

37-56

EN

In the text, I attempt to question the justifiability of Erich Fromm’s distinction: “to have or to be?”. In practice, the phrase is used in various contexts and discussions and is not associated with the ideas of its author. The catchphrase’s popularity comes from the fact that it managed to express the attainments of many centuries of religion and philosophy, which may be defined as axiology branding devotion to material things. The axiology is usually adopted as unquestionable. My thesis is that axiology is, in fact, a debatable evaluation. I present my own views and those of Bronisław Łagowski, which he presented in his paper Palę Fromma (I burn Fromm). I also cite real cases of negation and affirmation of private property. I discuss the negation of property made by Plato and its critique undertaken by Aristotle. I analyse the affirmations of private property which are the strongest in West European culture – liberal thought and libertarianism. I think that one should develop and form one’s mind so as to relieve oneself from the devotion to things. It does not, however, have to be achieved through the fight with and negation of the phenomena required for subsistence. Things are not negative in themselves. The desire and drive to possess material things may be perceived as a valuable phenomenon – both from an economic and a moral point of view. The community needs people who are responsible, resourceful and well-off, which means people who have something to lose. In this text, I am mostly interested in the “transposition” of the adopted metaphysical assumptions in the practice of social life.

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AUTOKRACIE A OCHRANA VLASTNICKÝCH PRÁV

OSOBITOSTI ZÁVÄZKOVÝCH VZŤAHOV VEREJNÝCH VÝSKUMNÝCH INŠTITÚCIÍ

PRIVATIZATION AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT (Prywatyzacja instrumentem wzrostu efektywnosci gospodarowania)

Wykorzystanie instytucjonalnych form ochrony własności intelektualnej w przedsiębiorstwie – zarys problematyki

MAJETKOVÉ POMERY STREDOVEKÝCH AUGUSTINIÁNSKYCH KLÁŠTOROV TZV. SPIŠSKÉHO DIŠTRIKTU

THE MEANING OF PROPERTY IN THE PROCESS OF HOME CREATION (Vyznam vlastnictva v procese tvorby domova)

JE ČÍSLO VLASTNOST VNĚJŠÍCH VĚCÍ? MILL – FREGE - KESSLER

OD PRINCÍPOV K SÚVISLOSTIAM: MARX A NOZICK, RESP.RAWLS O DISTRIBUTÍVNEJ SPRAVODLIVOSTI

PÉČE A PŘEDJÍMAVOST: IDEA UDRŽITELNOSTI V HEGELOVĚ PRAKTICKÉ FILOZOFII

MOŽNÉ INDIVÍDUÁ A POSIBÍLIE (I)

K pozemkové výbavě české nobility ve starším středověku

Państwowa Straż Pożarna jako grupa dyspozycyjna w systemie zarządzania kryzysowego

O „svobodné soukromosti“ pozemkového vlastnictví (K rozsahu a kvalitě velmožské držby v přemyslovských Čechách)

ASPECTS OF SOCIETAL STATUS IN THE ANCIENT SOCIAL PARADIGM

Być czy mieć? Pochwała posiadania i własności