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1

THE ROLE OF LIGHT IN PRIVATE AND FRATERNITY PIOUS FOUNDATIONS IN THE PARISH CHURCHES OF PRUSSIAN CITIES IN THE 14TH-15TH C. (Swiatlo w brackich i prywatnych fundacjach religijnych w kosciolach parafialnych wielkich miast pruskich w XIV-XV wieku)

100%
Olinski P.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 3-4
367-374
EN
The light in a church amplified the sacred element of the building. The foundations connected with supplying candles and keeping churches lit were supposed to help in attaining redemption. Based on the literature and archival sources (such as testaments and guild records) the author has analysed the role of light in the pious foundations of individuals and fraternities in the parish churches of Prussian cities in the 14th-15th c. The article discuses the issue of wax trade and the funding necessary to provide fraternity chapels with festive illumination. In order to obtain the source of lighting guilds and fraternities made their members pay fines for breaking community rules in wax. In the parish churches of Prussian cities it was a common practice to make separate foundations providing the church with lighting or to include such a proviso in the foundation of masses, altars or chapels; such foundations were actually widespread across Europe. Mentions concerning the keeping of the light are often found in sources relating to the veneration of Corpus Christi. The cult was commonly connected with founding an eternal lamp, for which it was necessary to provide 6-8 marks (grzywny) per annum. The development of the cult in the Teutonic Order state, its roots and practices, are worthy of further detailed research. The yearly cost of lighting an altar during the mass rarely exceeded 2-3 marks. Light was undoubtedly an important element of funeral ceremonies, therefore testaments and fraternity rules often contain instructions regarding the use of candles at burials.
2
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„PROJEKT REGINA PROTMANN” SZKIC Z HISTORII PODMIOTOWOŚCI W PRUSACH XVI W.

100%
RADZICKI B., BIAŁUŃSKI G.
Studia Ełckie
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2014
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vol. 16
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issue 3
303-339
EN
This paper is an attepmt to summarise the person of Regina Protmann, founder of Sisters Saint Catherine Sister Cloister in Braniewo, as a “regional identity project”. According to authors its structure and its meaning can be fully understood by taking into consideration the cultural context in which the “project” was delineated. Full context is composed not only of political and economic factors of time and space, but also a rapid process of cultural change - clash of two ideas of interpretation of Christian Symbolic Universe (theological discourses) and thus different visions of good and modest life. Most of all, the context consists of local customs and habits, which reinterpret official religious discourse in frames of own, local experience (of “lived through” world). The main interpretation frames of problem essayed here are limited to theological discussion on the general concept of Church, which found its counterpart in social practice, eg. the “Chalice dispute” for laymen (Holy Communion in two forms) and, on the other hand, dispute about conception of Christian life – the concept of subjectivity. The latter polarized Catholics and Protestants around practices, beginning from the concept of priesthood and ending on penance. The importance of those two was eclipsed by the issue of opposition of life engaged in matters of this world and life, which meant to be out of temporal context. This paper is attempt to describe the consecrated life of beatified Regina Protmann as an element of dialectical process, in which both oppositions in the dispute clarify and complement with each other.
3

FROM SPIS TO ROYAL PRUSSIA - THE CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JOHANNES CELSCHER

100%
Leszczynska A.
Musicology Today
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2005
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vol. 2
37-48
EN
The article is devoted to Johannes Celscher, composer absent from modern music lexicons, who lived at the turn of 16th and 17th centuries. Several new data are reconstructed, such as the composer's origin (Spisská Nová Ves), places where he studied (Gdansk, Königsberg) and worked: at Chancellor's of Lithuania court, as a cantor in Kwidzyn and as a city of Torun composer. His compositions contained in prints from Königsberg and Torun are described, as well as those preserved in manuscripts; among them the only fully preserved is a 6-part Mass, a parody of the 6-voice motet by Orlando di Lasso. Comparisons between Celscher's sacred and secular works lead to the assessment of the significance of the composer and his works.
4

Историческая география юго-восточной Балтии. Часть I

100%
Kulakov V. I.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2005
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vol. 46
39-55
EN
The aim of the paper is to introduce into scholary circulation rich material connected with the historical and geographical aspect of the culture of the Prussians and their neighbours and to direct attention to the importance of archaeological materials for the study of historical geography of the southeastern Baltic region. Part I is composed of two subchapters. The first is devoted to outlining the history of research, especially archaeological into the history and culture of the Prussians, starting from the first writings and excavations till the first half of the 20th century. The evaluation of work of researchers active in East Prussia in the first half of 20th c. is not unanimous, however thanking to their good methodology of field studies they gave an important contribution to the archaeological study of the region. The author expresses also his critical attitude to the activities of some Soviet researchers, who studied that region after the Second World War. In the last decades the study was conducted by Polish, Russian and Lithuanian scholars. Owing to all these scientific activities we are now in possession of huge source material that enables us to take up various issues, both general and specific ones as well. Subchapter 2 includes the characteristics of the natural environment and changing settlement patterns of the discussed region starting from the Stone Age until the Bronze Age.
5

Żydowscy lekarze w państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w późnym średniowieczu

88%
Broda M.
Kwartalnik Historii Żydow
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2011
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issue 4(240)
435-443
EN
The Order did not tolerate the presence of Jews in its territory (except for small groups of Jews in Neumark (New March) towns). In exceptional cases the Knights accepted temporary presence of doctors of Jewish origin in Prussia. The medic Meyen, from Poznań, was the first to appear inside the Order’s state. His first presence in Prussia in 1446 should not be associated with his profession, he was merely crossing Prussia en route to Pomerania. However, his subsequent visits were likely connected with the performance of medical practices. Jakub was another Jewish doctor who visited the Teutonic Knights’ state. He stayed in Prussia in 1454 as a diplomat, representing Polish starosta Mikołaj Szarlejcki in secret negotiations with Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen. We should also mention Tham von Hochberg. There is no certainty with regard to his Jewish roots. Little do we know about the time he spent in Prussian lands. It has only been confirmed that he stayed in Toruń, travelled to Gdańsk and also sought the position of court doctor to the Grand Master in Königsberg.
6
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Choroba i zdrowie w Królestwie Prus w XIX wieku (1806–1871)

75%
Łukasiewicz D.
Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW
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2013
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issue 2
7-36
EN
In the nineteenth century, the state of medical knowledge, also in Prussia changed tremendously. There was a great advancement of gynecology, which became a university subject. Moreover, a number of state obstetrics schools came into being, replacing the midwife-amateur. Some attempts of more human treatment of patients with mental illnesses were made; however, knowledge in this field was rather remote. The 18th and 19th c. gripe were epidemics such as smallpox, measles, fever, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery, which still collected massive harvest at that time. Syphilis was a significant problem, especially in the army. The improvement in the treatment of smallpox occurred only after the introduction of compulsory vaccination. The emergence of antiseptics and anesthesia was the great innovation of the nineteenth century. This allows the vast decreased in maternal mortality. Until the end of the century the mortality rate was very high, and human life short. The number of physicians increased, but there were still few and still they were an urban phenomenon. In 1849 in Prussia, 80% of 5595 doctors lived in cities, much more in eastern than western provinces. In the rural areas, due to the absence of doctors, healers, religious and folk medicine were of great significance. For the first time idea of the modern hospital appeared in the eighteen century, in the nineteenth century it became a mass phenomenon. Since the eighteenth century there was a much vaster structure of state administration with the Ministry of Health at the helm, including a city and county doctors. Gradually significant improvement in the quality of food at lower layers decreased the incidence and improved quality of life. Fertilization increased yields, the growth of potatoes became prevalence, sugar beet, grown up cattle and increased intake of meat. The meat started to be froze. Along with it and the popularization of the rail, the area's affected by hunger were more easily resured by fast shipment and export over long distances.
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PŘEPRAVA RANĚNÝCH A NEMOCNÝCH VOJÁKŮ PO ŽELEZNICI V „DLOUHÉM“ 19. STOLETÍ VE SVĚTLE DOBOVÝCH ODBORNÝCH POJEDNÁNÍ

75%
Szajkó V.
Vojenská história
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 1
40 - 55
EN
The article provides a characteristic of transporting the wounded and ill soldiers in Europe and USA by railway in the “long” 19th century, as this era was titled by the British historian Eric Hobsbawm. Along the works of modern historiography, the interpretation is based on the original written documents authored by significant doctors of the German-speaking area living in the said period. Progress in the given area was conditioned by war conflicts in the European and US territory. This was a complicated process, resulting in specifically constructed hospital or ambulance vehicles. The greatest activity in this respect was developed by Prussia (later Germany) and Austria. Development in the USA took its own, specific way.
8

Zwodnicze losy pewnej kupieckiej fortuny. Historia rodziny Teschnerow z Torunia w XV wieku

75%
Mikulski K.
Roczniki Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 78
153-170
EN
The author shows the fortunes of the Teschner family which was active in Toruń for a short period of four generations only (1401-1524). Its progenitor Stephen came to Prussia from Świdnica. In the second and third generations members of the family baceme members of the municipal authorities. The sons of Stephen, Matthias and Martin, were very active merchants. Their trade contacts included Silesia, Masovia and Gdańsk. Shortly before the Thirteen Years’ War with the Teutonic Order the brothers were certainly the richest merchants in Toruń. They granted high loans to the city of Toruń and to the Prussian States which were to be paid by the Toruń City Council until the beginning of the 16th c. However, because of premature deaths of both brothers (Matthias and Martin), their wealth found its way to subsequent husbands of their widows. Only John, son of Martin, attained high offices in the city. His career was assisted by marrying Elizabeth Rackendorff and adopting her son Philip (born probably after the marriage with Elizabeth), whose natural father was Luke Watzenrode, later bishop of Warmia (Ermland). The career of John Teschner was also terminated by his premature death.
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