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EN
The authoress considers burials of people from Przeworsk culture, in which disagreement of sex valuation was found on datum of two criterions: 1) archeological valuation of sex isn't the same with anthropological valuation, 2) in one grave inventory presence of both: male and female archeological determinants of sex. Rested on dependence, that most of considerated cases are situated in frames of recrudesced types of equipment, she says that only with respect to small number of burials there is possibility of acceptation incorrect anthropological evaluation. Burials with this specific characteristic appeared on whole range of Przeworsk culture and during whole time of its duration. The authoress is pointing a large variety of interpretation possibilities a purposeful equipping death people in meaning that different than conventional standards, which can point that in particular circumstances archeological determinants of sex could have besides usable also symbolic character.
EN
The tools found in Grave II at Korytnica include a hammer, a pair of tongs, and a file. The hammer, with its slightly bent head and inclined striking face, was designed for fine finishing work rather than broad strokes. Similarly, the remaining tools, which seem to be part of a tool-kit, must have been employed primarily in the manufacture of small metal objects.
EN
The cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Korytnica, powiat Jedrzejów contains two sites with smith's tools, Grave No. II from the end of the Early Pre-Roman Period and Grave 4/2001 from Phase B2 of the Roman Period. The latter can be identified as the burial site of a bronze- and goldsmith. The Korytnica assemblage is presented here against the background of similar finds from Central Europe. Further discussion addresses two points, the possible use of mock tools as grave gifts in the burial rite and the range of specializations pursued by craftsmen generally known as smiths. The extant inventory of the two graves offers one more proof of the relatively high level of economic development of the Przeworsk culture communities in the microregion of the Upper Nida River.
EN
At the end of the older and in the beginning of the younger Roman period, no revolutionary changes are observable in the equipment and accoutrements of barbarian warriors in relation to the influx and intensity of changes. Sets of barbarian accoutrement documented at archaeological sites contribute to the conclusions that the Marcomannic wars and several decades after them did not bring any significant changes in the most frequently used accoutrement in Barbaricum, i. e. in shields and double-edged swords. The only change, approximately simultaneous with the horizon of the Marcomannic wars, is the end of use of single-edged swords in the whole European Barbaricum and spears in the Przeworsk culture area.
EN
Author considers the length of functioning of Przeworsk culture cemeteries on the base of detailed chronology. A half of them was used from 160 to 300 years. Only few cemeteries lasted longer time. Most of them was initiated in two periods: A1 and B2. The end of cemeteries is also mainly dated on two periods: the turn of B2/C1 and the beginning of Migration Period.
EN
In this paper author present a complex of two settlements from Rawa Mazowiecka sites 3 and 38 located to each others on the opposite slopes of Rawka river valley. The settlement in Rawa Mazowiecka site 3 is situated on the mildly slope in the western part of the valley. The houses and adornment processing workshops were found here. This settlement had existed from the mid of II century BC to the II/III century AD. The site 38 is placed on the opposite site of the valley in the elevation of relatively high jut of the terrace in the east part of the Rawka river valley. There was large, 'prestigious' household which comprises tripartie long house and several storage constructions and installations. This site had been inhabited from the mid of I century AD to the II/III century AD. Chronology of both sites 3 and 38 based on 14C dates and results of analysis of artefacts, and structure and development of the settlements reflect social structure of people lived here. It can be concluded that the group of enriched people have separated themselves from the settlement community (site 3), moved to the opposite part of the valley and build there a new household (site 38). Appearance of above mentioned reach group of people (resulting as leaders) took place on the turn of I century BC.
EN
The article presents the anthropological description conducted for object 2537 in Modlniczka, site 2. Burnt bones from this object did not constitute any visible concentrations; their dispersion within 5 levels of exploration was more less even, therefore, strictly mechanical segregation of the material was employed. Due to anthropological analysis it was evaluated that the object contained remains of 55 individuals at least and this is the smallest possible number of buried individuals (MNI). Object 2537 in Modlniczka should be considered as an ossuarium, emerged during a single act of bones deposition, being at the same time one of the element of complex funeral rites.
EN
The area of the Polish Carpathians has so far produced no sepulchral finds of the Przeworsk culture which could be dated without any doubt to the Roman period. Site 25 in the cemetery at Prusiek, gmina Sanok, is the first discovery of this kind in the area. The four cremation urn graves found there belong to Phase B2/C1 and C1a of the Roman Period. Their inventory shows direct indebtedness to the eastern zone of the Przeworsk culture. In effect, the find in the Prusiek cemetery can be taken as a clear proof of the expansion of the Przeworsk culture bearers in the direction of the Upper Tisa basin.
EN
The Early Roman artefacts found in the interfluve of the rivers Vistula and San indicate that the travel and transport routes that run through the area in question led not only to the development of local settlement but also to the formation of a hierarchical local society. This is indicated by the presence of richly furnished burials, with grave goods including imported metal vessels. In the Younger and Late Roman Period, the region underwent changes caused by the growth of settlement and its move to the south.
EN
One of the most important features discovered at the site 2 in Modlniczka is a deposit of burnt human remains with elements of grave goods, having been placed into a boggy basin adjoining to the fossil river bed. The deposit contained a part of burnt human bones and tiny elements of grave offerings that were left on the spot of cremation and were not put into the graves. It was laid in a single event. Bones with grave goods had been accumulated within some sort of 'houses of the dead' and afterwards, at the moment of abandonment of the settlement by its inhabitants, they were sunk in nearby swamp. The deposit from Modlniczka is distinctive in terms of wide chronological frames of artefacts gathered within it. The oldest of them are dated to phase A2 of the younger Pre-Roman period (Tyniec group), whereas, the youngest ones are ascribed to phase C2 of the Roman period or slightly later (Przeworsk culture). Co-existence in the deposit may be considered as a confirmation of cultural continuation between above-mentioned taxonomic units.
EN
The aim of the study is to analyse the weapons excavated on the 63 sites; and also to reconstruct the models of weaponry used by the Przeworsk culture warriors in the river Bzura basin. The obtained results will be used to notice the changes of choices in using the specified types of offensive and defensive armament during the consecutive phases of the Roman Period up to the Early Migration Period
EN
A cremation grave of the Roman period was found in a stone quarry at Steborice near Opava before the year 1900. The grave equipment consisted of a wheel-made urn, a two-edged sword, a pair of ornamented spurs with asymmetric arms, a spearhead with octagonal socket, a scissors, a knife, a handle of probably wooden bucket and an iron mount with two rivets (most likely a shield boss fragment). The grave corresponds to above-standard equipped warrior graves of the Przeworsk culture and can be dated to the C1b stage of the Late Roman Age, to the first half of the 3rd century in absolute dating. Regarding its chronology, it is younger than the cremation burial ground at Vavrovice nearby that was used in the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age (B2/C1 and C1a). The both sites with cremation burials are clearly proving the Opava seat region being a part of the Przeworsk culture territory, of which the occurrence of rather numerous graves containing weapons in the period after the Marcomannic Wars and in the first half of the 3rd century is typical.
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EN
On the maps illustrating the situation during Roman and Pre-Roman Iron Age the lower Orzyc region (located about 70 km north of Warsaw) was until recent considered as an empty area. Excavations and a series of accidental discoveries in the past 20 years revealed in this area the existence of at least 9 settlements and cemeteries located in close neighbourhood. Among many research problems related to this concentration of settlements, one of the most interesting is the question of the disappearance of the Przeworsk culture representatives and the appearance of the first settlers of the Wielbark culture at the turn of the early and Late Roman Iron Age. The last ones arrived probably from the area of today's northern Greater Poland. For some time, the populations of both cultures probably lived together in the Lower Orzyc region. This can be said due to the dating of related materials and graves with elements characteristic for both cultures.
PL
The analysed sword, discovered in one of the lakes in the environs of Bydgoszcz, found now in the collection of MPPP in Gniezno, is to associated with the earlier pre-Roman period.   It may be classified as type II two-edged sword from the aforesaid period, after typology suggested by P. Łuczkiewicz. His chronology, following typological analysis and analogous finds in the areas of the Oksywie and the Przeworsk culture should be estimated as phase  A2 – A3. The most proximate analogy comes from the area of Cuiavia, where, in similar conditions, a sword was discovered in Inowrocław-Mątwy (recovered from the Noteć river). A singular feature of the sword is the armourer’s mark which permits to ascribe it to a Celtic workshop. The sword from Bydgoszcz was probably made in a local workshop, in imitation of the Celtic swords. The occurrence of two-edged swords on the areas inhabited by Celts has a mass character, which is probably why swords of this type in the lands  of Poland need to be associated with their temporary presence in Silesia and in Małopolska, or with the strong influence of the Latenian culture streaming from the south of Europe. A double-edged was a basic weapon, and of huge significance, which corresponded with the Celtic model of armament. Its co-occurrence with a weapon of a different kind reflected various groups of warriors, perhaps it existed not only as a weapon but also as a manifestation of a certain social status. The analysed sword supplements the group of finds of the type for earlier pre-Roman period, and may attest to a contact of societies inhabiting the basin of the Oder and the Vistula with Celts, also with regard to other areas of life.   
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