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1

Crime and punishment in the practice of the medieval towns: The criminal cases of the town-book of Selmecbánya in the fourteenth-fifteenth centuries

100%

Csukovits E.

Tortenelmi Szemle (Historical Review)

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2004

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vol. 46

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issue 3/4

141-166

EN

The violent acts represent a very high number of criminal cases put into the town-book of Selmecbánya, most criminals, more than one hundred persons were accused of murder. There is a very high proportion of cases when the defendant resisted to the town leadership. Between 1360 and 1420 at Selmecbánya, an average of 1.6 murders were committed each year. However, the mortality in Selmecbánya caused by murders was not exceptionally high in the Middle Ages, if we compare these cases with those of Kassa, Zágráb or Western European towns. The town-book of Selmecbánya gave the punishments for each crime, however, these very severe punishment were carried out only rarely. More often, the criminals were exiled from Selmecbánya and a special type of punishment was the expiatory pilgrimage. The half of the fourty pilgrims in medieval Hungary who had to accomplish an expiatory pilgrimage came from Selmecbánya.

2

MIKROSONDA DO SANKČNÉHO SYSTÉMU ARPÁDOVSKÉHO UHORSKA

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Gábriš T.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2008

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vol. 56

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issue 4

599-623

EN

The paper considers the system of sanctions in Hungary during the Arpad period using the sources published by G. Wenzel, the Varadin (Magno Varadinum, Nagy Varad, Oradea) register and collections of written law from the period. By selecting diplomatic material on the basis of identification of key words typical for the solution of conflicts, the author collected 92 documents containing information about sanctions. By comparing their content with the content of the Varadin register and the surviving written law, the author verified the information about the application of sanctions in practice and the categorization of crimes punishable by death, physical punishments associated with shaming punishments, financial penalties, deprivation of liberty, dismissal from functions and privileges or by ecclesiastical penalties. A combination of penalties was often imposed. Sometimes, the punishment was not specified. The obligation to provide restitution for damage was linked with the sanction, but not as an independent sanction. A feature of the article is that it points to absence of mentions of physical punishments. This has also been found by foreign authors researching the same period.

3

Violence and conflict management in the burghers' everyday life in the sixteenth century

88%

Szeghyova B.

Tortenelmi Szemle (Historical Review)

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2004

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vol. 46

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issue 1/2

167-190

EN

The everyday life of the burghers in the sixteenth century was full of violence. Murder and robbery were common, many knights belonged to the robber knights (Raubritter). The study gives many examples of robbers executed at Besztercebánya, Kassa, Eperjes. Sexual violence and rape were common, too. Contemporary judges thought that a woman could become pregnant only if she enjoyed the violent act, therefore if a women became pregnant after the rape, it could not be called a real rape. The family of the raped women often forced the victims to marry the rapper. Even very young girls, still children, were raped and the rappers got away with relatively mild punishments. Ritual group raping committed by young boys was recorded at Kassa in 1579. Many women committed infanticide, they wanted to conceal their pregnancy and thus the illegitimate relationship. A special case is represented by the execution of the town executioner of Eperjes, he was beheaded by his 'colleague' from Locse because he tried to kill a local soldier while he was drunk.

4

NATURE OF VIRTUE: EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES UNDERLYING HUMAN PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

88%

Bereczkei T.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2008

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vol. 63

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issue 1

613-631

EN

Evolutionary theories on altruism among relatives, friends, and group members are considered as the regular parts of the psychological handbooks by now. However, helping to strangers - which is a unique capacity of human beings - has not satisfactorily been explained in psychological studies linked to the Darwinian framework. Why are we generous towards those who are not our relatives, whom we cannot expect to return, even whom we have not met at all? The author argues that those emotional and cognitive information-processing mechanisms that predispose humans to behave altruistically towards strangers constitute an inherent part of the human psychological equipment. A question arises, how these mechanisms could have been shaped during evolution, given that altruism may impose certain costs and risks on the altruist. Another crucial question is that what specific psychological processes mediate the adaptive algorithms of prosocial behavior to the actual interpersonal relationships. He suggests four behavioral strategies and psychological mechanisms - and the underlying possible evolutionary processes - that may be responsible for shaping altruism towards strangers: 1. Similarity and sympathy (kin selection); 2. Strong reciprocity and altruistic punishment (group selection); 3. Reputation-gaining, costly signaling and competitive altruism (individual selection); 4. Cognitive processes that have been primarily shaped for other, non-altruistic tasks, such as theory of mind, Machiavellianism, empathy (exaptation).

5

PROCEDURA PROPUŠTĚNÍ Z DUCHOVNÍHO STAVU PODLE NEJNOVĚJŠÍCH PŘEDPISŮ APOŠTOLSKÉHO STOLCE

63%

Stoklosa M.

Studia theologica

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2012

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vol. 14

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issue 3

138–155

EN

The article acquaints readers with the latest changes in legislation of the Catholic Church in the penal law. It describes the procedure of dismissal from the clerical state according to the Normae de gravioribus delictis and the current practice of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the prescription of such offenses as well. The paper also provides an analysis of the procedure of dismissal from the clerical state on the basis of three special faculties granted by the Pope to the Congregation for the Clergy in 2009. These faculties are presented as a response of the Holy See to specific experiences of the Church and the difficulties in the application of ordinary ways of dismissal from the clerical state in an effort to protect in a better manner both the good of the Church as a whole, as well as the good of the individual cleric according to the rule salus animarum suprema lex. The extraordinary nature of these faculties should be recalled, as their use is only possible when a solution it is not possible using ordinary ways and their application is strictly centralized.

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Vyznam medialnej vychovy v prvej dekade 21. storocia

63%

Slavikova N.

Communication Today

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2010

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vol. 1

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issue 1

31-42

EN

The paper is dealing with the meaning of media education in the first decade of 21st century. The aim is not to give exhausting explanation of the whole problem but to show the effects of media contents and their relationship to context factors. It puts special attention to clarify the understanding how the moral context factors, age and style of presentation affect perception of audiovisual contents. It emphases the importance of six contexts such as: intention, motive, punishment, remorse, consequences and style of presentation. This study also focuses on new 'Conception of Media Education in Lifelearning Process' which was approved by the Slovak Government on 16. Dec. 2009. Based on this document the importance of improving the level of the media literacy was stressed the whole society.

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2 Tortenelmi Szemle (Historical Review)

1 Communication Today

1 Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

1 Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

1 Studia theologica

1 2012

1 2010

2 2008

2 2004

1 Bereczkei T.

1 Csukovits E.

1 Gábriš T.

1 Slavikova N.