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It is assumed that occurrence of Palaeolithic cave art in Central and Eastern Europe is not typical for this part of the continent, as it is difficult to consider its few examples as a result of solely poor preservation. Looking into this issue from the perspective of region of modern Poland, several questions arise: Why is it registered on so few sites, and is it truly an atypical phenomenon for the region? In problem discussion, there are three key elements: research interest, state of preservation, and competences needed for making a discovery. These elements, covered in following paper, explicitly suggest that in terms of Polish cave sites, we do not possess enough information to conclude which type of occurrence we are dealing with.
EN
Multidisciplinary excavation research carried out in recent years at the site in Bolków in Western Pomerania have brought many important and interesting results. They include materials, excavated in 2010-2011 and 2015, related to the poorly-recognized problem of Palaeolithic settlements in the Plain at the beginning of the Holocene. The paper is the first presentation of the results and an attempt to discuss them in the broader European context. The settlement cluster defined as Bolków PF/2011 is dated using the C14 radiocarbon analysis to a period of about 9900-9600 BP and represents the so-called Epiahrensburgian.
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The archaeological excavations in Staw, Czarnożyły commune, Wieluń county, at site 3 embraced an area of 190 ares and revealed a total of 536 features of varied function and chronology. The site provided a large amount of relic material mainly in the form of ceramic flakes, flint artefacts, pugging and metal items. The recorded flint material bears testimony to human presence in the area since the end of the Palaeolithic. Also traces of Mesolithic and Neolithic communities were revealed, which bore relation to the Funnel beaker culture, as well as settlement of the Trzciniec culture. The majority of the relics can be attributed to the settlement of the early Lusatian culture from the 3rd-4th period of the Bronze Age. Other findings included materials of the Przeworsk culture from the end of the younger pre-Roman period and the beginning of the Roman period, as well as from the Middle Ages – both the early (9th-10th century) and the late (second half of the 14th and the 15th century).
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Red, cherry, orange, yellow and pink ferruginous powders have long been observed on Palaeolithic sites along with solid objects of similar material, which used to be labelled as “ochre” or “haematite”. Artefacts below 5 mm in size can carry abundant information on their provenance and processing (mixing with binders, heating, manufacturing with bone and flint tools, rubbing). Powders from selected Palaeolithic sites (Dzierżysław-35,Wierzawice, Michałów-Piaska, Klissoura, Gönnersdorf, Dolní Vĕstonice, Stadice, Monruz) were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning microscopy, micro-chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. A database of raw materials and archaeological ferruginous objects is under construction
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