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1

Just war against infidels? Similar answers from Central and Western Europe

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Díaz B.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2017

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vol. 53

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issue 3

55-75

EN

The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at the similitudes between the ideas of Paweł Włodkowic (Paulus Vladimiri) and Francisco de Vitoria concerning the relations between Christians and infidels, especially on the issue of just war, and to advance a hypothesis to explain such similarities. Both scholars come from “frontier States” in the process of expansion and in close contact with non-Christian peoples. They had therefore direct knowledge of these different human groups. The equality between Christians and infidels, the right of all men to property and self-rule as well as their freedom to accept faith, the idea of a community of mankind, are some of the concepts developed by both thinkers. That is why they have been pointed out as beginners of the modern ius gentium. At the end of the paper, I will advance a hypothesis on the influence of Włodkowic on Vitoria.

2

From Vladimiri's just war to Kelsen's lawful war: the universality of the "bellum justum" doctrine

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Widłak T.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2017

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vol. 53

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issue 3

77-96

EN

The article explores Hans Kelsen’s theory of just war (bellum justum). It addresses the question of how and why the leading modern positivist thinker in fact embraced a key natural law theory, the concept of just war. In exploring this question, it collates the Viennese philosopher’s views with those of Polish late Middle Ages philosopher and lawyer, Paulus Vladimiri, who developed his own version of the bellum justum doctrine. In the first step, an outline of Paulus Vladimiri’s views on just war is presented. Secondly, the article offers an overview of two key theses of Kelsen’s theory of international law in order to provide the necessary context for his use of the term bellum justum. Next, the analysis moves to answering the question of whether Kelsen’s position might in fact be described as naturalist. In the last part, the article adds to some criticism of Kelsen’s use of the term “just war”. The conclusion underlines the points of intersection between the two doctrines. Although Kelsen’s attempt to harness the just war tradition within the confines of his own pure theory of law seems to have largely failed, it exemplifies a degree of universalism of the just war tradition and its potential for transcending divisions among schools of legal and philosophical thinking.

3

Paulus Vladimiri and His Forgotten Concept of the Just War

100%

Tulejski T.

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

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2019

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vol. 2(20)

39-50

EN

The theoretical reflection formulated in the neo-scholastic School of Salamanca has been regarded as the source of the contemporary concept of international relations: going beyond the paradigm of the time – determined, on the one hand, by the idea of the holy war and, on the other, by the doctrine of the just war – the Salamanca scholars laid down foundations for the edifice of modern international law. In this article the author argues that similar ideas preceding the reflection of the school of Salamanca, and often going even further, had appeared a hundred years earlier in the Cracow Academia in the context of a dispute between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The culmination of this dispute was the Council of Constance. The Polish argument after the battle of Grunwald was based on law, and its unique feature was the return to the universalistic (Augustinian) nature of the just war. What is the most important element in Augustinian theology of war is Christianity’s universalism and recognition of moral equality of those engaged in military operations.

PL

Za początki współczesnej koncepcji relacji międzynarodowych uważa się dzisiaj refleksję teoretyczną sformułowaną przez neoscholastyków ze szkoły w Salamance. Wychodząc poza dotychczasowy paradygmat zakreślony z jednej strony przez ideę wojny świętej, z drugiej zaś przez chrześcijańską doktrynę wojny sprawiedliwej stworzyli oni fundament, na którym wspiera się do dziś gmach prawa międzynarodowego. W niniejszym artykule autor dowodzi, że analogiczne idee, wyprzedzające refleksję szkoły z Salamanki i często idące jeszcze dalej, pojawiły się sto lat wcześniej na Akademii Krakowskiej wśród polskich prawników zaangażowanych w polityczny spór pomiędzy Królestwem Polskim, a Zakonem Krzyżackim, którego kulminacja miała miejsce na Soborze w Konstancji. Argument strony polskiej po bitwie grunwaldzkiej miał jurydyczny charakter, a jego unikalną cechą był powrót do uniwersalistycznego charakteru wojny sprawiedliwej, jaki ta koncepcja posiadała w swej Augustyńskiej wersji. To, co najistotniejsze bowiem w Augustyńskiej teologii wojny, to zachowanie właściwego chrześcijaństwu uniwersalizmu i przekonanie o moralnej równości walczących podmiotów.

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2 Studia Philosophiae Christianae

1 Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

1 2019

2 2017

1 Díaz B.

1 Tulejski T.

1 Widłak T.

Just war against infidels? Similar answers from Central and Western Europe

From Vladimiri's just war to Kelsen's lawful war: the universality of the "bellum justum" doctrine

Paulus Vladimiri and His Forgotten Concept of the Just War