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1

Nigerian Civil War and Britain’s Peace Initiative, 1967–1970

100%
Abolorunde A. S.
West Bohemian Historical Review
|
2019
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
87-107
EN
The outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War few years after the attainment of independence from Britain further deepened the interest of the latter in Nigeria’s existence as a nation. Scholars of disciplines such as history, political science and international relations through their works, have examined the nature and dimensions of Nigeria’s relations with Britain as well as the British involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. Foreign policy formulation, colonial legacies, economic ties, are typical examples of the nature of Nigeria’s relations with Britain. Similarly, scholars have interrogated the roles of Britain in the Nigerian Civil War through multilateral efforts at the United Nations and Commonwealth of Nations, propaganda, protection of the British economic interests in Nigeria, British military initiative as well as the pressure of the Cold War as the basis for prompt British intervention in the war. However, comprehensive intellectual attention has not been paid to the British peace initiative outside the multilateral conflict resolution structure. It is against this backdrop that this paper interrogates the nature and dimension of British peace initiative strategy which brought an end to the Nigerian Civil War. The paper argues in its conclusion that the failure of the multilateral approach of the British was salvaged by the unilateral British bureaucratic strategy that was enhanced by their colonial legacies in Nigeria.
2

Pax Britannica, Security and Akoko Resettlement, 1897–1960

88%
Adeyeri O.
West Bohemian Historical Review
|
2018
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
215-223
EN
British-inspired peace (Pax-Britannica) after 1897 terminated the spectre of widespread warfare, brigandage, insecurity and instability that pervaded Yorubaland, southwest Nigeria throughout the nineteenth century. The Akoko of northeast Yorubaland, like other Yoruba sub-groups, experienced their fair share of the impact of British colonial rule that followed the restoration of peace to the Yoruba territory. This paper seeks to explore the transformatory impact of British rule upon Akoko society, with respect to settlement pattern. Using Ikare, Okeagbe, Erusu, Oka, Ipe and Ajowa communities as case studies, data analysis revealed that the era of British administration considerably changed Akoko settlement pattern in terms of relocation and resettlement of old communities from hilltops, caves and other hideouts to open places in plains and lowlands, spatial arrangement, type and material make-up of Akoko buildings. The study concludes that peace, security and stability facilitated by Britain, colonial policies and Christian missionary initiatives were the principal factors responsible for fundamental changes in Akoko homesteads, architecture and general social organization. The work adopts the historical, descriptive analytical method.
3

Emplacing Nigeria as Peaceful and Secure State in the International System: The Monarchy’s Intervention as an Imperative

88%
Okajare S. T.
West Bohemian Historical Review
|
2018
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vol. 8
|
issue 1
69-88
EN
With the outbreak of Boko Haram insurgency since 2009, surge in Niger Delta militancy in the Yar’Adua/Jonathan years, proliferation of kidnapping particularly of expatriates and Chibok Girls coupled with the orgy of killings unleashed on harmless and armless farmers, women, and children by some Fulani herdsmen in parts of Nigeria, the country is terrorized. Thus, it can be safely argued that Nigeria is at the threshold of becoming a failed state in terms of peace and security. Apart from the obvious implications of this state of insecurity on the State-Citizen relationship within Nigeria, it has impacted negatively on the country’s external image, strength of sovereignty and integrity, as well as discouraging the much-needed foreign investment. While the Nigerian State has been making strident efforts to stem the tide of threatened peace and insecurity, it is a truism that such efforts need to be upgraded through thinking out of the box, in furthering the search for solution to these problems. In agreement with scholars on the central relevance of culture to any people’s development trajectories, this paper unpacks some roles that the institution of monarchy can play in arresting the unpleasant trend. The paper argues that, given the vantage position of traditional rulers as custodians of community traditions and culture, coupled with their closeness to the people in the grassroots and the quantum of reverence they command among their subjects, they should be statutorily integrated into the mainstream of the governance architecture for direct involvement in the peace-building and security maintenance process.
4
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Pope Benedict XVI and humanity's quest for genuine peace. The christocentric response

88%
de Gaal E.
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne
|
2013
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issue 27
69-79
PL
Artykuł przedstawia inicjatywy na rzecz pokoju Benedykta XVI, który nie tylko jawi się jako kontynuator zamierzeń Jana Pawła II, lecz również jako ten, który wprowadził pewne nowe elementy. Papież w swoim nauczaniu nie tylko zwrócił uwagę na warunki służące budowaniu prawdziwego pokoju (sprawiedliwość, poszanowanie dobra wspólnego), lecz również wyznaczył Kościołowi zadania, mające służyć tej sprawie. Artykuł prezentuje teologiczną interpretację kwestii pokoju w świetle tajemnicy Chrystusa.
5
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The Urgency for Peace in Teachings of John Paul II

75%
Lewandowski J.
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 1
EN
Peace has always been a topic of great importance. Its presence is desired by all nations and societies. It brings the world together in unity. John Paul II considered peace to be an integral part in creation of an independent and healthy society. Papal encyclicals and messages, intended to present the response of the teaching Church to problems that arise from time to time, often dwell on the principles that advocate peace. Since freedom and peace are in many cases a privilege for many nations, the mentioned pope commits himself to speak about the cruelty and evilness of wars and national conflicts. Pope John Paul II denounces intolerance as denial of freedom for many people, and consequently a great threat to peace. The pope teaches that peace has its roots in the family. Yet, in many societies, the family is deprived of the utmost importance that it certainly deserves. Without the adequate means for a decent livelihood, families can experience hardship in committing themselves to promote solidarity and a proper social fabric worthy of human dignity. For John Paul II, a nation’s freedom and peace are safeguarded and promoted through particular attention and a much-devoted effort by strong and healthy families.
6
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La intervención pacificadora de la santa sede durante el pontificado de Benedicto XVI

75%
Bonet Navarro J.
Journal of Modern Science
|
2017
|
issue 1(32)
209-221
EN
The activity of the Holy See in favor of peace has developed throughout History. This work focuses on the work developed by Pope Benedict XVI in this matter. The first part refers to the pacification activity carried out by Benedict XVI through diplomatic relations, and other international activities such as mediation, good offices and international arbitration, although the brevity of his pontificate only allowed him to continue with the diplomatic relations and the signing of international agreements with the States. The second part focuses on the many appeals for peace that Benedict XVI has made in many occasions during his pontificate, with the Diplomatic Corps, the ambassadors of the different States, the Heads of State, receiving the bishops in ad limina visit, or during the Angelus prayer in St. Peter’s Square. This work has been done inside the Proyecto I+D+I DER2015-65840-R (MINECO/FEDER) “Diversidad y Convivencia: los derechos humanos como guía de acción”, del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional.
7
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Peacekeeping Operations by UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

75%
Kalamár Š., Víšek J., Mastný V.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
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2015
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vol. 15(15)
100-111
EN
This article accents recent problems of implementation by peacekeeping operations. Article reflects elementary basics of Department of Peacekeeping Operations and its role in working process of United Nations. In text are also shown the basic attributes of tasks by Security Council of United Nations. One part concerns history of peacekeeping operations and the most famous peacekeeping operations in past. In the second part of article we are dealing with issues of new technologies and innovation for future, respectively recent peacekeeping operations. In conclusion we are showing threats and risks for current situation and suggestions de lege ferenda, especially in Czech Republic.
8
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Pojęcie pokoju we współczesnych wypowiedziach Urzędu Nauczycielskiego Kościoła

75%
Kochaniewicz B.
Studia Warmińskie
|
2011
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issue 48
149-162
EN
The article deals with the notion of peace in contemporary documents of the Magisterium Ecclesiae. The analysis shows a significant development of theological reflection on the subject. John XXIII didn’t limit the Christian definition of peace to a lack of armed conflicts, but issues it from the mystery of creation. Paul VI ascribed the foundations of peace to social order (common good). John Paul II draws attention to the mystery of man (human heart as the place of peace) and presents peace as God’s gift. Benedict XVI underscores contemporary threats to peace in the world (poverty, ecologic crisis, religious freedom) and indicates ways of resolving those problems. The presented panorama of statements reveals a deepening of reflection on the subject of peace: from peace as God’s gift to peace as a task for which man is responsible; from a static definition of peace to its dynamic one. The very important task have the international institutions, too. They should resolve problems that prevent many people from fully enjoying peace.
9
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Georgian paradigm ot preace

63%
Khonelidze Z.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki, seria Edukacja - Rodzina - Społeczeństwo
|
2021
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issue 6
287-297
PL
Autor nie ma zamiaru zaskakiwać czytelników ani narzucać im (ludzie są już zmęczeni niezwykłym stylem życia) swoją oryginalną wizję, nawet jeśli opiera się ona na jego wewnętrznej wierze. Pragnie obudzić czytelników i przy pełnym poszanowaniu zachodniego pragmatyzmu, wschodniego szacunku i tradycji (któremu wszystko podlega), wyrwać ich z dziwnej niejasności, w którą byli tak bardzo pochłonięci, aby dać im więcej zaufania, oraz predysponowanie ich (przede wszystkim czytelników abchaskich i osetyjskich) do zapoznania się z tym dziełem. To naszym zdaniem będzie przydatne dla samych czytelników, którzy doświadczają własnych niepowodzeń i są zainteresowani lepszą przyszłością dla swoich ludzi.
EN
The author has no intention to surprise the readers or to impose on them (people are already tired of the extraordinary lifestyle) his original vision even if it is based on his inner belief. He wishes to awaken the readers, and in full observance of Western pragmatism, Eastern deference and traditions (to which everything is subject), to pull them out of the odd vagueness in which they have been so badly engrossed, to give them more confidence, and to predispose them (primarily the Abkhazian and Ossetian readers) to get familiar with this work. That, in our opinion, will be useful for the readers themselves, who are experiencing their own failures and are interested in a better future for their people.
10
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Cesta k Paktu čtyř velmocí, 1933

63%
Civínová P.
Dvacáté století - The Twentieth Century
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2018
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vol. 10
|
issue 2
89-99
EN
When the Great War came to an end, Europe was opened to various possibilities how to keep and ensure the peace. The concept of the collective security and disarmament won, despite of wishes and ideas of some politicians. Not every country was to keen to disarm its army capacity for the future uncertain promise of the collective security. For that reason, many politicians were eager to obtain special guarantees of their security, or security of all Europe. As the years went by, statesmen begun to realize that the Versailles Peace Treaty was not a sufficient element which should have to assure the peace in Europe. Many supplementary projects, treaties have been made to follow the path of maintain the peace after the war. None of them were fully realised. And some of them pursued another hidden targets. That is also an example of the Four-Power Pact. It is understandable some politicians wanted to reflect national interests into the international projects, like the Four-Power Pact. Benito Mussolini himself supported national feelings of unsatisfied results of the Great war for Italy, no matter how they were justified. The Four-Power Pact should have been the chance for Italy to be in an active role in a field of European politics. And what is the most important — to be a determinant of that politics and to change European order according to the Italian vi
11

Uwagi o dokumentach rozejmowych i pokojowych z okresu wojny 1409–1411

63%
Szweda A.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2010
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vol. 75
|
issue 2
66-85
EN
The article is devoted to documents of armistice concluded during the war of Poland and Lithuania with the Teutonic Order in the years 1409–1411, and also to documents of the Peace Treaty of Thorn. The first of the armistice treaties, written on 8 October 1409, was exceptional, as it was made through the agency of the Roman and Czech king Wenceslaus IV. This was the reason why the Teutonic and Polish documents were written in German. Seals were also not typical of armistice: the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen affixed the great seal of the Teutonic Order whereas Władysław Jagiełło put his bigger seal with the coat of arms. There also appeared seals of guarantors from both sides. The armistice was made until 24 June, whereas on 26 June 1410 Jagiełło issued a document prolonging the armistice until 4 July. It was an act written in a simplified form, without guarantors, with a smaller seal of the monarch. The Teutonic equivalent did not survive. Diplomas from the armistice of 9 December 1410 survived. The Polish document causes interpretation problems as it includes mistakes in the list of guarantors, and the number and order of the seals affixed. The preliminary documents of the First Treaty of Thorn were recorded and enumerated on 1 February 1411. They were made in the name of the monarchs, affixed with smaller sigils and seals of negotiators. The main peace documents were sealed and enumerated on 10 May 1411 near Złotoria. The Teutonic document bore 41 seals; the emblem of the Master Henrich von Plauen did not survive. The Polish-Lithuanian document is known exclusively thanks to descriptions in notary devices. It bore 38 seals, including the sigil of Władysław Jagiełło and the Great Prince Vytautas. Probably the act, like many others, was passed on to the King Sigismund I the Old by the Duke Albert of Hohenzollern in 1526. Soon after it disappeared and it was not recorded in the inventories of the Crown Archive preserved from the mid-16th century.
12
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Pokój – zawsze dostępny? (Ap 1,4; 6,4)

51%
Nowińska J.
Verbum Vitae
|
2016
|
vol. 30
195-210
PL
Autor natchniony Apokalipsy św. Jana dwukrotnie przywołuje pojęcie pokoju – w Ap 1,4 i 6,4. Analiza ukazuje istniejące między tymi fragmentami powiązania semantyczne. Bóg zostaje przedstawiony jako posiadający i oferujący pokój człowiekowi, jak również dopuszczający usunięcie go z ziemi. Powiązanie pokoju z miłością uzależnia jego posiadanie od przyjęcia Bożej charis (Ap 1,4), a zarazem lokując go na pozycji owocu takiej relacji, wskazuje, że tam, gdzie nie ma pokoju, nie będzie też miłości ofiarowywanej drugiemu człowiekowi, a jedynie wrogość (Ap 6,4). Autor natchniony wzmacnia przekonanie dotyczące wagi pokoju, wprowadzając obrazy Ap 7,15b-17 i 21,1–22,5, które swoją sensorycznością kreują w odbiorcy doświadczenie. Personalizm odniesień podkreśla znaczenie ludzkiej decyzji w przyjęciu/podjęciu/zwróceniu się do Boga o ten dar.
EN
There are two passages in the Book of Revelation where the author evokes the subject of peace (Rev 1:4; 6:4) and, through analysis, we can detect semantic connections between them. God is presented as the source and owner of peace, offering it to human beings (Rev 1:4). Then again, God also allows the second horseman, after the breaking of the seal, to take peace from the earth (Rev 6:4). The union between peace and love/mercy is dependent upon receiving charis from God (Rev 6:4), the result being peace in the world and in the human heart. It implies the need to love one another, with the lack of it leading to hostility (Rev 6:4). The author strengthened that reflection by a series of sensory depictions of peace, in Rev 7:15b-17 and Rev 21:1–22:5, where peace is manifested as an internal experience. On a personal level, the emphasis lies on the value of an individual's decision to turn to God and thus receive the blessings of peace.
13
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Společné dobro: minimalistické, instrumentální, či robustní?

51%
Baroš J.
Studia theologica
|
2023
|
vol. 2
191-213
EN
The aim of this article is to present and contrast various competing concepts of the common good. In the first part of the article, I critically discuss the minimalistic concept, which can be found in the celebrated book A Theory of Justice written by the American philosopher John Rawls. I subsequently deal with the instrumentalist concept, which brought fame to John Finnis, the most prominent representative of the so-called new natural law theory. According to Finnis, the common good serves as an instrument regarding the basic human goods of marriage and family life. In the third part, the instrumentalist concept is the target of my criticism, which leads me to a defense of a more robust concept of the common good. In three steps, I demonstrate that Finnis misunderstands the order of goods, elevates the common good of family and other private associations without appropriate reasons, and diminishes the common good of the political community. Because of this, the common good is not able to offer appropriate normative reasons for the exercise of such risky professions as soldiers and police officers. In contrast, the robust concept of the common good, as recently advocated most prominently by the Australian philosopher George Duke, enables one to solve these problems. It also provides a better solution to the delicate question of obedience to political authority.
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Między wojną a pokojem – międzynarodowe implikacje i gwarancje pokoju oliwskiego 3 maja 1660 r.

45%
Włodarski J., Kantorska Archives Nationales Paris K. M.
Studia Gdańskie
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2011
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issue 29
183-203
PL
Wojna pomiędzy Polską a Szwecją zakończona została pokojem, który podpisano w dn. 3 maja 1660 r. w klasztorze cysterskim w Oliwie. Zawarte porozumienie z jednej strony przynosiło wyczekiwane zakończenie wojny, z drugiej zaś wyrażało się w nim niepowodzenie polityki zagranicznej Polski. W praktyce Polska i Szwecja wróciły do stanu posiadania sprzed wybuchu wojny. Szwecja zachowała Inflanty, które w jej posiadaniu znajdowały się od czasu traktatu podpisanego w Sztumskiej Wsi w 1635 r. Do zdecydowanych wygranych należała Brandenburgia. Korzyści, które odniosła, znacznie przekraczały wkład wniesiony przez nią w działania wojenne.
EN
The war between Poland and Sweden ended with peace which was signed on May 3rd, 1660 at the Cisterian Monastery in Oliwa. The reached agreement brought on one hand the expected end of the war, on the other hand it expressed the failures of Polish international policy. In practice Poland and Sweden returned to the state of possession from before the outbreak of the war: Sweden kept Livonia, which was in her possession since the treaty signed at Szumska Wieś in 1635. Brandenburg was a definite winner. The benefits it achieved were much greater than its contribution into warfare actions.
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