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EN
Now for over 70 years people have been arguing about the reasons for dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. American researchers are still divided over the issue of the purpose, effect and consequences of their use as well as moral evaluation of this American action. The polarized discussion has to a great degree focused on the traditional interpretation, on the one hand, claiming it was indispensable to finish the war and minimalize American losses; on the other hand, stating that – with Japan almost defeated and ready for capitulation – it was unnecessary. With time, the issue of competition and confrontation with the Russians was raised, questioning military considerations used for decades by the subsequent governmental circles. In historical literature one may also frequently come across indications of prejudice towards the Japanese and the need to avenge Pearl Harbor. According to the polls conducted in 1945, the majority of Americans (85%) approved of President Harry Truman’s decision and the use of atomic weapons against Japan. With time and the disclosure of the data concerning the effects of the use of this devastating weapon against civilians, and in particular, the effects and diseases caused by the radiation, a part of American society began to have their moral concerns. Thus, their approval kept falling with time: from 85% in 1945 to 72% in 1965, to 65% in 1988, to 53% in 1990. Album publications, movies, autobiographies, memoirs and interviews with the witnesses of those events, monuments, sculptures, musical pieces, paintings as well as numerous historical and popular works, and the omnipresent Internet have brought into the public circulation broader knowledge concerning the reasons and circumstances of dropping atomic bombs on the Japanese cities in August 1945. They enabled the subsequent American and Japanese generations to have deeper reflections on these painful and controversial events.
PL
The Japanese strike against the naval base at Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941) exerted an enormous impact on shaping the image of this tragic event and cultivating its memory, and more broadly - on subsequent wartime operations in the Pacific. The famous address delivered by the President to the nation about the treachery and deception of the attack, broadcast on the radio and widely proclaimed in the media, put millions of Americans in a state of readiness, while the call: “Remember Pearl Harbor!” became part of wartime patriotic circulation.From the very onset, the attack against Pearl Harbor was accompanied by a sui generis contradiction in creating knowledge and memory. It denoted a tragic day for the United States, which due to the “treacherous” Japanese attack suffered great losses but, at the same time, it was remembered and commemorated as a day of the heroic stand of the American soldiers. The sacrifice made by the defenders of Pearl Harbor was venerated, mainly due to the efforts made by the veterans and their families, in the form of the USS Arizona Memorial (Pearl Harbor, 1962), which from the very beginning became a special site for successive generations of Americans paying their respect to their fallen countrymen.From the 1990s, i.e. half a century later, Pearl Harbor became for the next generations an important and visible cultural icon, restored in its full glory by historians, journalists, and the media (films, TV programs, the Internet, etc.). In time, all memories associated with the attack became a valuable material culture artefact imparted to museums and exhibitions, and in this way rendering durable the image and memory of the event and American participation in World War II.
EN
The article is related to the establishment of Australian foreign policy tradition and becoming of Australia as a subject of international relations. The significant role of the dominions during First World War Great and their help for Great Britain victory, intensified their struggle for independence. As the result of long-term efforts, dominions reached the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in 1926 by London, which was later confirmed by the Statute of Westminster (1931), which established the authority for dominions for an independent foreign policy. The development of Australian foreign policy before and during World War II was analyzed. The evolution of the relations of the Australia and Great Britain in the context of the events of the World War II is traced, in particular the peculiarities of the allied relations of the two countries. There is shown the regional dimension of the World War II within the Asia-Pacific region, in the context of Australia and the United States actions against Japanese aggression. There are analyzed the peculiarities of external threats effect on the transformation of the Australian foreign policy strategy, in particular in the national security sphere. The main threat for Australia in that period become Japanise aggressive and expansionist policy in the Asia-Pacific region. A lot of Australian soldiers and military equipment were sent to Great Britain to support traditional allie. But in actual strategic situation in Europe there were great doubts that British troops and the navy would be able to effectively help  Australians in case of an attack by Japan. Politics of national security and defense of Australia in the context of its participation in World War II is considered. In the conditions of real threat of Japanese invasion, as well as the lack of sure to receive necessary support from Great Britain, the Australian government start to find a military alliance with the USA. There were identified the key implications of World War II for Australian socio-economic system.
UK
Стаття присвячена становленню зовнішньополітичної традиції Австралії та її утвердженню в якості суб’єкта міжнародних відносин. Вагомий внесок домініонів у перемогу Британії в Першій світовій війні активізував їхню боротьбу за незалежність. Результатом тривалих зусиль домініонів, стало проголошення у 1926 р. декларації Бальфура, що згодом була підкріплена Вестмінстерським статутом (1931 р.) де закріплювалось право домініонів на незалежну зовнішню політику. Проаналізовано розвиток австралійської зовнішньої політики напередодні та під час Другої світової війни. Прослідковано еволюцію відносин Австралії з Великою Британією в контексті подій Другої світової війни, зокрема особливості союзницьких відносин двох країн. Показано регіональний вимір Другої світової війни в рамках Азійсько-Тихоокеанського регіону, зокрема співпрацю Австралії та США в контексті протистояння японській агресії. Проаналізовано особливості впливу зовнішніх загроз на трансформацію зовнішньополітичної стратегії Австралії, зокрема в сфері національної безпеки. Головною загрозою для п’ятого континенту була агресивна та експансіоністська політика Японії в Азійсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні. Значну кількість бійців та техніки Австралії було направлено для допомоги Великій Британії. Але стратегічна ситуація в Європі, викликала великі сумніви, що британські війська та флот зможуть ефективно допомогти австралійцям у випадку нападу Японії. Розглянуто політику Австралії щодо забезпечення національної безпеки та оборони в рамках її участі у Другій світовій війні. В умовах очевидної загрози вторгнення японців, а також відсутності перспектив отримання підтримки з боку Великої Британії, австралійський уряд почав працювати над укладенням військового союзу зі Сполученими Штатами Америки. Виявлено ключові наслідки Другої світової для соціально-економічної системи Австралії. 
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