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Za głosem Penelopy

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EN
Following the voice of Penelope is the review of a play based on one of the Homer’s greatest epic poem – Odyssey, staged by Ondrej Spišák in the Warsaw puppet theatre „Teatr Lalka”. This artistically beautiful, full of magic and awarded staging, first performed in 1999, still finds its audience. It is definitely worth spending an hour in the theatre to see this enchanting ancient world created on the Warsaw stage and directed by Homer himself.
EN
Although “Wakefield” opens as a leisurely mnemonic act, it turns into an intensely emotional affair. However, the stance of moral indignation and, indeed, condemnation adopted in many readings of this classic tale seems to be a monological trap, an interpretive ride along Einbahnstrasse. The present close re-reading draws on the combined appreciation of perversity as (i) formal figuration in which the bearings of the original are reversed, (ii) attitudinal disposition to proceed against the weight of evidence (the so-called ‘being stubborn in error’). Building on this logic, the paper offers a transcriptive anti-type response to Hawthorne’s title. It is meant as a detour of understanding and a reclamation of a seemingly obvious relational and denotative proposition. Inasmuch as “Wakefield” is a distinctive rhetorical performance, foundationally a story about story-telling, its title can be naturalized as identifying the story-teller. Even if this does not come across as lucius ordo, it is argued that the order of reappropriative and be-longing signification is that of Mrs. rather than - as is commonly believed - that of Mr. Wakefield. Informed by object permanence and a peculiar looking bias, “Wakefield” proves to be her-tale rather than his-story. As a secret sharer and a would be-speaking gaze, the wife turns out to be a structural and existential pivot of the narrative. More broadly, Mrs. Wakefield can be appreciated as coarticulator of a ventriloquistic logos and choreographer of a telescopic parallactic vision. Unintentional challenge to both the heresy of paraphrase and the aesthetics of astonishment, this is ultimately to proffer a radical Shakespearean/Kantian re-cognition that in certain spheres there obtains nothing absolutely ‘moral’ or ‘immoral’, and it is only a particular perspectival discourse that may make it so.
EN
The article discusses various literary representations of Penelope who is stereo-typically perceived as a faithful wife who misses her husband while he is away. The author analysed Polish and English literature of the 20th century. Many adaptations and reinterpretations of the myth of Odysseus and Penelope prove that this story is deeply rooted in culture, but it has also been variously transformed. Penelope is still the wife who misses her husband, but the recent interpretations of the story highlight her independence, inner strength and, as a result, the transformation of the myth into her story.
DE
Der Artikel widmet sich dem literarischen Bild der Penelope, die klischeehaft als treue und sehnsüchtige Ehefrau wahrgenommen wird. Die Analyse umfasst die polnische und englischsprachige Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Adaptionen des Mythos und seine Neuinterpretationen zeigen die Kraft der Geschichte von Odysseus und Penelope, aber auch den starken Wandel in der Wahrnehmung und Interpretation der Heldin. Sie ist immer noch eine Ehefrau, die sich nach ihrem Mann sehnt, aber neue Interpretationen der Geschichte betonen mehr und mehr Penelopes Unabhängigkeit, ihre innere Stärke, und damit die Verwandlung des Mythos in Ihre Geschichte (her story).
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest literackim wizerunkom Penelopy, która stereotypowo postrzegana jest jako wierna i tęskniąca żona. Analiza obejmuje literaturę polską i anglojęzyczną wieku XX. Adaptacje mitu i jego reinterpretacje dowodzą siły oddziaływania historii Odyseusza i Penelopy, ale również silnej transformacji w postrzeganiu i interpretowaniu bohaterki. Jest wciąż żoną, która tęskni za mężem, ale nowe interpretacje tej historii uwypuklają coraz chętniej niezależność Penelopy, jej wewnętrzną siłę, a zatem przeobrażenie się mitu w her story.
PL
In my paper I focus on the well-known Greek mythical as well as literary figure, known mainly from Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus’ faithful wife, Penelope. Attention is given to the interpretation of the Homeric prototype in Modern Greek 20th century poetry. The successive metamorphoses of the image of Penelope are traced in Nikos Kazantzakis’ The Odyssey, Yiannis Ritsos’ Penelope’s Despair, Katerina Anghelaki-Rooke’s Says Penelope, Kyriakos Charalambides’ Penelope Recognizes Odysseus, Penelope’s Odysseusand Pandelis Boukalas’ Penelope. The analysis shows ambiguous attitude to the traditional image of Penelope and tendency of Modern Greek poets to demythologize her and to show the scene of anagnorisis in Homer‘s Odyssey in modern context as well as with more psychological probability.
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Penelopa i jej współczesne filmowe inkarnacje

72%
EN
Penelope and Her Cinematic Incarnations By analysing contemporary cinematic incarnations of Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, the author shows a thematic relation between cinema and ancient mythologies. Although an interest in mythical motifs is visible in film from its very beginnings, their popularity has constantly changed due to e.g., technological developments in filmmakers’ capabilities. However, what never changes is the presence of mythical plots in deeper story structures, which include the recreation of ancient characters. Examining Penelope’s spirit in today’s culture proves that the mythical story in which she appears provides excellent material for building new things – it easily adapts to modern times, constantly inspires artists, and stimulates various reflections about our cultural heritage.
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