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EN
This essay focuses on three conceptions of man formulated within the German school of philosophical anthropology. I discuss, one by one, theories by Max Scheler, Helmuth Plessner and Arnold Gehlen. First, I emphasize the common to these theoreticians methodological assumptions consisting primarily in an opposition against the Cartesian dualism and in founding a ground for philosophical analysis in the results of scientific research. Second, I present their conceptions of man stressing at the same time dissimilarities that differ them from each other. These differences concern first and foremost their general orientation: while Scheler’s understanding of man is clearly determined by a metaphysical idea of a permanent essence of man, Plessner’s conception focuses rather on a dynamic, historical way of manifesting of their existence. Philosophy by Gehlen in turn presents a picture of man as a biological being who by their own effort, by emerging institutional reality, stabilizes their existence.
EN
Within the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner the concept of the boundary plays a prominent role. As a basic idea to understand the existence of living organisms the key concept of the boundary allows to conceive the specifics of human extistence in the term of the eccentric positionality as a fundamental constitution of man. The article tries to reconstruct the genesis and the systematic content of the concept of the boundary and to outline the consequences for Plessner’s social philosophy.
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EN
“Body” is here understood prima facie as biological, organic body (Körper). This article claims, that ignoring this aspect of human being is wrong, because many important anthropological and existential phenomena are based on reality of Körper, not only Leib. “Reality” of human body is understood as a constitutive element of a human being’s essence, without which one cannot be a human. First were presented Heidegger’s critique of philosophical anthropology and concept of animalitas. According to the author of Being and Time, referring to biological corporeality is secondary to fundamental ontology. This article criticizes Heidegger and claims, that many phenomena indicated by him are primary understandable only by paying attention to organic dimension of human body, dimension underestimated by Heidegger. Then, a number of „existentialist” aspects of human life were presented, and their consideration confirms that it is impossible to gain insight on a human if his corporeal dimension is ignored.
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