In the article the emotion of love is discussed, based on reference books for travelers. Selected phrasebooks for German and Polish users were researched, starting from their first issues dating back to the 16th century to new publications from the early 21st century. The aim of the paper is to establish, whether in the phrasebooks, which in principle present language behavior in typical everyday life situations, love motifs are present, and whether there are any differences in this area in the perspective of time. In addition, picture motifs, which are related to the above mentioned topic, are also briefly discussed here.
As in the first part of this paper (see “LingVaria” 2016 1 (21) ), also here the author describes selected non-literary sources for the history of Polish vocabulary from the period from the 16th to the 18th century. They are not always taken into account by the editors of historical dictionaries, despite the fact that they contain a wealth of interesting vocabulary from various areas of everyday life of peasants and townsmen, from the history of law and judicature, trade, craft, military, etc. This vocabulary constitutes a constant element in the history of the lexical resources of Polish, and a testimony of the history of culture.
Politeness is a phenomenon that has recently been linguistically studied. These are linguistic forms and formulas that can be used in certain communication situations. The so-called pragmatic component plays an important role here. This is particularly evident in the case of interspecific confrontation. This can be helped by bilingual lexicographical works, which can be of great help to all a foreign language learner. The article discusses the advantages of the recently published lexicographical works of Małgorzata Marcjanik, Silvia Bonacchi, and Agnieszka Frączek: Polsko-niemiecki słownik etykiety językowej.
The present paper is the effect of field work on Polish-Spanish bilingualism in Polish diaspora in Argentina, conducted in years 2009–2011 in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, and Misiones. It portrays four models of bilingualism which define the modern Polish diaspora in Argentina, each illustrated with linguistic biographies of selected respondents. The change of the research perspective from a purely linguistic to an interdisciplinary one, has allowed a wide analysis of the phenomenon of bilingualism to be performed, together with its impact on the creation and metamorphosis of identity and cultural valency of four generations of Poles living in Argentina.
Even if the derivation of the meaning ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’ < ‘will-o’-the-wisp’ is generally imaginable (albeit not self-evident) it is assumed here that this change is actually based on addition of a foreign meaning to a German one, rather than on semantic evolution.
This article supplements new material to the collection of Ruthenian lexical borrowings in Old Polish compiled by Stanisław Urbańczyk half a century ago. It also corrects some erroneous etymologies performed by this researcher.
With the exception of Lem’s works, Polish science fiction of the communist era is largely forgotten. Anglo-American readers know only fragments of Lem’s literary work, and they know almost nothing about other Polish science fiction writers. The aim of this article is to familiarize Anglo-American audience with seven Polish science fiction novels written in the communist era: Farther than Hatred (Dalej niż nienawiść) by Wojciech Bieńko (1963); Aspasia (Aspazja) by Andrzej Ostoja-Owsiany (1958); To Drain the Sea (Wyczerpać morze) by Jan Dobraczyński (1961); Arsenal (Arsenał) by Marek Oramus (1985); Paradisia (Paradyzja) by Janusz A. Zajdel (1984); The Robot (Robot) by Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg (1977); Imago (Imago) by Wiktor Żwikiewicz (1985).
The article discusses the linguistic unit coś jest nielogiczne (‘something is illogical’), aiming to provide a description of its meaning, and an explicative formula which consists of indefinable expressions of the natural language. The semantic description of the unit is influenced by the issue of its reference, which is two-fold: the unit can refer to what someone said, as well as to what someone did. In order to pinpoint the distinctive features of the given expression, which is what determines its distinguishability, it is compared to a semantically close predicate, nonsens (‘nonsense’). Conclusions that flow from the analysis of nonsens had to be verified after a comparison with those obtained from the analysis of illogicality.
The author discusses non-literary sources for the history of Polish vocabulary from the period from the 16th to the 18th century. They are not always taken into account by the editors of the newest historical dictionaries, despite the fact that they contain a wealth of interesting vocabulary from various areas of everyday life of peasants and townsmen, from the history of law and judicature, trade, craft, military, etc. Many of those words have survived till our times, constituting a lasting legacy of Polish vocabulary and a testimony of the history of culture.
The article The forgotten page. On the introduction of film education to Polish schools raises a subject of film education in Polish schools. At the beginning of the article the author focuses on the groundbreaking school curriculum introduced to Polish schools in 2009. The teachers of Polish have had to include the elements of film education within their course since then. At the same time Polish Film Institute provided fourteen thousand schools with the packages of film materials. It was supposed to support film education in schools. The initiative was warmly approved by the press and various media. Nonetheless, it was not the first initiative of this kind in Poland as similar programme was introduced to schools in the 1930s by Film Institute of Polish Telegraphic Agency. The article is devoted to the description of this forgotten period of Polish education, which was terminated by the outbreak of World War II.
This article discusses the problem of accounting for Poznań-Cracow voicing in Government Phonology. It is concluded that in order for the process to be handled representationally, Polish words beginning with non-obstruents would need to carry the element {L} as part of the melody at the leftmost skeletal slot. It is explained that although such a move would make a representational analysis of Poznań-Cracow Voicing straightforward, the presence of the element {L} on non-obstruents is against the tenets of the phonological model.The article is organised as follows. Section 1 presents a selection of voice phenomena in Polish. Section 2 introduces the basic concepts of Government Phonology relevant to the analysis. Section 3 summarises Gussmann's (2007) analysis of voice phenomena in Polish. Section 4 discusses the differences between Warsaw Polish and Poznań-Cracow Polish in terms of voice assimilation. Section 5 briefly summarises two earlier analyses of voice phenomena in Polish that account for Poznań-Cracow Voicing, namely Gussmann's (1992) SPE-type analysis of Segment-To-Consonant Spreading, and Rubach's (1996) Lexical Phonology (LP) analysis of Cracow Spread. Section 6 presents theoretical considerations of why these two analyses cannot be mechanically translated into GP theoretical machinery. The section also points to the limitations of Voice Adjustment with respect to Poznań-Cracow Voicing. Section 7 introduces the flawed idea of enriching the left edge of words with the element {L}, and provides an attempt at a representational analysis of Poznań-Cracow Voicing using the enriched representation. Section 8 discusses the limitations of the analysis, and proposes an alternative approach to the issue. Section 9 summarises the most important conclusions.1
This paper examines part of an experiment devoted to Polish English (hencefore PE) stress production. The experiment was conducted on sixteen adult Polish English speakers. The experimental lexical stratum that I used in the investigation was the list of sentences used in Archibald's (1998) and Waniek-Klimczak's (2002) experiments. A controlled reading list was recorded and then analyzed auditorily. The aim of the pilot study was to analyze the metrical structure of PE penultimate stress in longer consonant final words. Specifically, my goal was to explain why stress in PE is systematically located on the antepenult syllable in words ending in a consonant. This is unexpected from the point of view of both Polish (where stress is normally assigned to the penult syllable) and English (where in words of this type stress is assigned to the penult or the antepenult, depending on the weight of the penult syllable).
Texts from the villages Darvinieki and Iłukszta in Latvia with linguistic commentsThe study contains dialect texts recorded in the village Darvinieki in the 1960s by Józefa Parszuta (a researcher of the Polish language who was born in Latvia) and texts recorded by the author in Iłukszta in 2001. The texts are preceded with a linguistic comment including a description of the most important phonetic, morphological and syntactic features which are characteristic of the Polish north borderland dialect. Teksty ze wsi Darwinieki oraz z Iłukszty na Łotwie z komentarzem językowymOpracowanie zawiera teksty gwarowe zapisane we wsi Darwinieki w latach 60. XX w. przez Józefę Parszutę, urodzoną na Łotwie badaczkę języka polskiego, oraz teksty nagrane przez autorkę w Iłukszcie w roku 2001. Teksty poprzedza komentarz językowy, zawierający opis najważniejszych cech fonetycznych, fleksyjnych i składniowych, charakterystycznych dla polszczyzny północnokresowej.
Towards a Linguistically-Oriented Textual Entailment Test-Suite for Polish Based on the Semantic Syntax ApproachThe aim of this programmatic position paper is to show that the semantic syntax tradition of Polish linguistics associated with the name of Stanisław Karolak may be a basis for the development of a taxonomy of entailment types and a corresponding test-suite of entailment examples. The article also puts forward some initial desiderata for such a test-suite.
Towards Recognition of Spatial Relations between Entities for PolishIn this paper, the problem of spatial relation recognition in Polish is examined. We present the different ways of distributing spatial information throughout a sentence by reviewing the lexical and grammatical signals of various relations between objects. We focus on the spatial usage of prepositions and their meaning, determined by the ‘conceptual’ schemes they constitute. We also discuss the feasibility of a comprehensive recognition of spatial relations between objects expressed in different ways by reviewing the existing tools and resources for text processing in Polish. As a result, we propose a heuristic method for the recognition of spatial relations expressed in various phrase structures called spatial expressions. We propose a definition of spatial expressions by taking into account the limitations of the available tools for the Polish language. A set of rules is used to generate candidates of spatial expressions which are later tested against a set of semantic constraints.The results of our work on recognition of spatial expressions in Polish texts were partially presented in (Marcińczuk, Oleksy, & Wieczorek, 2016). In that paper we focused on a detailed analysis of errors obtained using a set of basic morphosyntactic patterns for generating spatial expression candidates - we identified and described the most common sources of errors, i.e. incorrectly recognized or unrecognized expressions. In this paper we focused mainly on the preliminary stages of spatial expression recognition. We presented an extensive review on how the spatial information can be encoded in the text, types of spatial triggers in Polish and a detailed evaluation of morphosyntactic patterns which can be used to generate spatial expression candidates. Rozpoznawanie relacji przestrzennych między obiektami fizycznymi w języku polskimArtykuł dotyczy zagadnienia rozpoznawania relacji przestrzennych w języku polskim. Autorzy przedstawili różne sposoby przekazywania w tekstach informacji na temat relacji przestrzennych między obiektami fizycznymi, uwzględniając sygnały o charakterze leksykalnym i gramatycznym. Istotną częścią artykułu jest omówienie znaczenia przyimków użytych w celu wyrażenia relacji przestrzennych. Znaczenie to kształtowane jest przez schematy konceptualne współtworzone przez poszczególne przyimki. Omówiono również możliwości kompleksowego rozpoznawania relacji przestrzennych wyrażonych za pomocą różnych środków językowych. Służy temu przegląd istniejących zasobów i narzędzi przetwarzania języka polskiego.Jako rezultat autorzy proponują heurystyczną metodę rozpoznawania relacji przestrzennych realizowanych językowo za pomocą struktur składniowych określonych jako wyrażenia przestrzenne. W artykule zaprezentowano definicję wyrażeń przestrzennych uwzględniającą specyfikę narzędzi dostępnych do przetwarzania języka polskiego. Zestaw reguł składniowych umożliwia wytypowanie fraz – kandydatów kwalifikujących się jako wyrażenia przestrzenne, które następnie zostają porównane z adekwatnym zestawem ograniczeń semantycznych.
The Use of the Lexical Exponents of Hypothetical Modality in Polish and LithuanianIn this article the author focuses on the issue of hypothetical modality[1] in Polish and Lithuanian. A list of the basic exponents of hypothetical modality in both languages is presented. However, the focus is mainly placed on the lexical exponents. On the basis of one of the six groups, which describes a high degree of probability (H5), the differences between the use of the lexical exponents in both languages are examined. In the study, multilingual corpora resources, including The Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus Clarin-PL., are utilized.[1] [In the academic literature, for the notion described herein, the term of epistemic modality is also used. Nevertheless, in this paper I will continue to use the term of hypotheticality, which I borrowed from the studies on modality, conducted in Polish-Bulgarian cooperation (Slavic Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute for Bulgarian Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences).] O użyciu wykładników leksykalnych modalności hipotetycznej w językach polskim i litewskimW artykule autorka porusza zagadnienie modalności hipotetycznej[1] w językach polskim i litewskim. Przedstawia wykaz podstawowych wykładników modalności hipotetycznej w obu językach. Główną uwagę skupia jednak na wykładnikach leksykalnych. Na przykładzie jednej z sześciu grup, opisującej wysoki stopień prawdopodobieństwa (H5), omawia różnice użycia wykładników leksykalnych w obu językach. W badaniach wykorzystuje wielojęzyczne zasoby korpusowe, w tym Polsko-litewski korpus równoległy Clarin-PL.[1] [W literaturze przedmiotu na oznaczenie opisywanych tu treści stosowany jest również termin epistemiczności. Niemniej jednak w tej pracy autorka pozostaje przy terminie hipotetyczności, który zapożycza z badań nad modalnością, prowadzonych we współpracy polsko-bułgarskiej (Instytut Slawistyki PAN i Instytut Języka Bułgarskiego BAN).]
Towards a construction grammar account of the distributive PO in PolishPolish distributive constructions involving the form po are well known for their syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasy. The aim of this paper is to show that, contrary to the received wisdom, two different lexemes po take part in such constructions: a preposition and an adnumeral operator. This explains some of the idiosyncratic behaviour, namely, the apparent ability of po to combine with different grammatical cases. A preliminary Construction Grammar analysis is proposed which eschews the potential problem of missed generalisations that such a dual account of po might engender.
The study contains dialect texts recorded in the village Darvinieki in the 1960s by Józefa Parszuta (a researcher of the Polish language who was born in Latvia) and texts recorded by the author in Iłukszta in 2001. The texts are preceded with a linguistic comment including a description of the most important phonetic, morphological and syntactic features which are characteristic of the Polish north borderland dialect.
PL
Opracowanie zawiera teksty gwarowe zapisane we wsi Darwinieki w latach 60. XX w. przez Józefę Parszutę, urodzoną na Łotwie badaczkę języka polskiego, oraz teksty nagrane przez autorkę w Iłukszcie w roku 2001. Teksty poprzedza komentarz językowy, zawierający opis najważniejszych cech fonetycznych, fleksyjnych i składniowych, charakterystycznych dla polszczyzny północnokresowej.
Semantic relations between verbs in Polish WordNet 2.0The noun dominates wordnets. The lexical semantics of verbs is usually under-represented, even if it is essential in any semantic analysis which goes beyond statistical methods. We present our attempt to remedy the imbalance; it begins by designing a sufficiently rich set of wordnet relations for verbs. We discuss and show in detail such a relation set in the largest Polish wordnet. Our design decisions, while as general and language-independent as possible, are mainly informed by our desire to capture the nature and peculiarities of the verb system in Polish.
The paper shows how British English centering diphthongs are adapted to the vowel space of Polish learners of English. The goal is to focus on complex vowels and the interaction of qualitative and quantitative features. Acoustic analysis revealed various processes used to overcome pronunciation difficulties: /j/ and /w/ breaking, /r/ insertion, substitutions of other vocalic qualities, changes in diphthong duration and diphthong phases duration, and changes in the rate of frequency change.
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