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PL
The paper demonstrates attributes of an ideal term on the grounds of nineteenth century Polish medical terminology (names of disorders) from a Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology by S. Janikowski, J. Oettinger and A. Kremer (Kraków 1881). In the first part of this dictionary, approximately 20 thousand foreign language entries are gathered (Latin, German, French, English) together with their Polish equivalents – from one to several records. The sequence of Polish terms assigned to the entries is not random: from the most to the less recommended. It means that the best terms (I call them ideal terms) come first in the synonymic line. And they are (totally 940) the subject of analysis in this paper. It results from the analysis that ideal terms are mostly: 1) native (98.4%); 2) of simple structure (comprising two elements at most – 89.3%); 3) syntactical derivatives (55.1%); 4) of non-specified origin; 5) sometimes having many meanings (12.2%); 6) relatively long-lasting, that means they generally last in the scientific terminology (74.9%) and - a little bit more rarely (more than 58%) – they keep their position of the ideal term; 7) compared to other terms in a synonymic line, in terms of the structure - frequently (65.5%) identical, that is comprising the same number of elements; 8) most frequently (41.7%) of common root – compared to other terms (all of them or just some of them) in a synonymic line.
PL
Stefan Żeromski was an expert in medical vocabulary. This was a result of his interest in medicine. He used medical vocabulary in his output in its basic function, that is in order to characterize the health of his characters, and in a secondary function. The secondary function involved using medical vocabulary (not only Polish) to describe various phenomena and situations. Among others, he used it to describe the emotional situations of characters; their behaviour and actions, social and political situation, as well as nature, space, objects, literature and art.
EN
Persistence of Synonymy in Polish Medical Terminology at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth CenturiesThis article presents the results of an analysis of 940 synonymic strings excerpted from two translated medical dictionaries: Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [A Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology], published in 1881, and Słownik lekarski polski [A Polish Medical Dictionary], published in 1905. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in those strings indicates a significant persistence (703 preserved strings) and stability of synonymy (320 strings with the same number of terms and the same composition of synonyms).Trwałość synonimii w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wiekuArtykuł przedstawia wyniki analizy 940 ciągów synonimicznych wyekscerpowanych ze Słownika terminologii lekarskiej polskiej, wydanego w 1881 roku, i Słownika lekarskiego polskiego, wydanego w 1905 roku; obydwa słowniki to leksykony przekładowe. Analiza ilościowych i jakościowych zmian tych ciągów wykazała znaczną trwałość i stabilność synonimii (703 zachowane ciągi, 320 ciągów o niezmienionej liczbie terminów i niezmienionym składzie synonimów).
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EN
The lexeme apopleksja in the history of PolishApopleksja ‘apoplexy’ is a word of Latin origin which was used for the first time as a medical term probably in 1534 in a herbarium by Stefan Falimirz. Since then it has been continuously included in dictionaries. Over the period of its presence in Polish, it has been considered to be a medical term, which has been numerously evidenced in medical texts of various epochs and also by the fact that it was referenced in two medical lexicons which are important in the history of the Polish medical terminology: one of 1881, the other of 1905. However, these lexicons show that the term apopleksja had competition. Most probably, the lexeme apopleksja was used for the last time as a strictly medical term before the Second World War. Today it belongs to a group of archaisms in the medical terminology and has been replaced by the following terms: udar (udar mózgu, udar mózgowy) ‘stroke (brain stroke, cerebral stroke).’ Leksem apopleksja w historii polszczyznyApopleksja to wyraz pochodzenia łacińskiego użyty po raz pierwszy prawdopodobnie w 1534 r. w zielniku Stefana Falimirza w funkcji ówczesnego terminu medycznego. Od tego momentu do dziś jest nieprzerwanie notowany przez słowniki. W ciągu swej bytności w polszczyźnie traktowany jest jako termin medyczny, o czym świadczą jego liczne poświadczenia w tekstach medycznych różnych epok oraz fakt odnotowania go w dwóch ważnych dla historii polskiej terminologii medycznej leksykonach medycznych: z 1881 r. i z 1905 r. Jednak już w tych leksykonach widać, że termin apopleksja miał konkurencję. Prawdopodobnie leksem apopleksja ostatni raz został użyty jako termin ściśle medyczny przed drugą wojną światową. Dziś należy do grupy archaizmów w terminologii medycznej, a jego miejsce zajęły terminy: udar (udar mózgu, udar mózgowy).
EN
The article describes the structure of 940 medical terms (names of diseases) from the “Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology” (Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej) of 1881, that have been recognised as the most accurate, i.e. primary synonyms. From their analysis in the context of synonymic chains in which they occur, it was concluded that the structure of a term recognised as ideal is of no great significance (in the case of 80% of terms) for the establishment of the term as the primary synonym. This is one of the reasons for which primary synonyms often have a structure identical to other terms in its synonymic chain.
EN
The paper pays attention to the presently omitted period of Polish medical terminology. Examination of a sample of 2 medical vocabulary dictionaries issued in those days (dated 1881 and 1905) indicated a few properties: 1. it poses a system, 2. it is characterized by a variety of single-and-multi word phrases, 3. it did not cope with the synonymy and the polysemy, 4. it is diverse in terms of chronology, genetics and stylistics.
EN
This article presents an analysis of the names of diseases and their symptoms in Słownik polsko-łacińsko-łotewski (The Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary) by Jan Kurmin (ed. Vilnius, 1858). The number of excerpted lexical items (377) is presented in 11 semantic fields (from the most expanded to the smallest one): diseases of the motor system, skin diseases, respiratory system diseases, symptoms of multiple diseases, internal diseases, infectious diseases, diseases of the sensory organs, wounds and cuts, digestive system diseases, mental diseases, cardiovascular diseases. The analysis shows that despite the high ability to observe symptoms, the knowledge of treatments remained limited, which is why the dictionary presents mostly diseases that can be easily observed with the unaided eye. The non-professional character of the dictionary is also evidenced by the use of synonymous sequences, vocabulary with indistinct meaning, and descriptive names of diseases.
Język Polski
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2022
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vol. 102
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issue 1
93-101
PL
Artykuł pokazuje udział naukowców (głównie lekarzy) z Krakowa, Warszawy, Lwowa i Poznania w pracach nad polską terminologią medyczną drugiej poł. XIX w., odzwierciedlony w Słowniku terminologii lekarskiej polskiej (Kraków 1881). Analiza życiorysów autorów słownika i ich 32 pomocników pokazuje, że chociaż większość z nich związana była z Krakowem (studia i/lub praca), to wielu studiowało za granicą, a część związana była także z Warszawą i/lub Lwowem. Różnorodne przygotowanie terminologiczne twórców zadecydowało o niewielkich różnicach geograficznych widocznych w materiale słownika (674 przykłady). Większość (668) przykładów to szeregi synonimiczne z terminami opatrzonymi głównie kwalifikatorem warsz. Zasadniczo kwalifikatory pojawiają się przy terminach chemicznych (620), co odzwierciedla etap sporów między szkołą krakowską, warszawską i lwowską. Przykładów z innych działów ówczesnej medycyny (anatomii, fizjologii, leczenia, weterynarii) jest niewiele.
EN
The article presents the participation of scientists (mainly medical doctors) from Kraków, Warsaw, Lviv and Poznań in the work on Polish medical terminology in the second half of the 19th century, which was reflected in Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej (Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology, Kraków 1881). An analysis of the careers of the authors of the dictionary and their 32 assistants shows that although most of them were connected with Kraków (studies and/or work), many of them studied abroad and some of them were also connected with Warsaw and/or Lviv. The diverse terminological background of the authors resulted in slight geographical differences that are noticeable in the dictionary material (674 examples). The majority of the examples (668) are synonymous series with terms mainly marked with the label warsz. In principle labels appear with chemical terms (620), which reflects the stage of disputes between the Kraków, Warsaw and Lviv schools. There are rare examples from other medical fields of the time (anatomy, physiology, medical treatment, veterinary medicine).
EN
An examination of the lexical material contained in Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [Polish Medical Terminology Dictionary] of 1881 and Słownik lekarski polski [Polish Medical Dictionary] of 1905 shows that the synonymy withdrawal rate in this period was only 20%. The purpose of the article is to provide a detailed description of this process, including the process of an apparent withdrawal of synonymy in the lexicon of 1905 (e.g. some foreign language entries have not been recorded there at all; sometimes a synonymic string was removed while leaving a new term next to the foreign language entry, "new" meaning absent in the dictionary of 1881).
PL
Po przebadaniu materiału leksykalnego ze Słownika terminologii lekarskiej polskiej z 1881 oraz ze Słownika lekarskiego polskiego z 1905 roku okazuje się, że w tym okresie synonimia wycofała się w zaledwie 20%. Przedmiotem artykułu jest szczegółowe omówienie tego zjawiska, w tym również zjawiska pozornego usuwania synonimii w leksykonie z 1905 roku (np. niektóre hasła obcojęzyczne nie zostały tam w ogóle odnotowane; czasem zlikwidowano szereg synonimiczny i jednocześnie pozostawiono przy obcojęzycznym haśle nowy termin polski; nowy, tzn. nieobecny w słowniku z 1881). 
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