I dedicate this article, in Memoriam, to Professor Sylwester Dworacki, my first guide in Greek texts, with whom I later had the distinguished privilege to frequently discuss diverse issues in philological exegesis. The little-known figure of Hippocrates of Chios has recently attracted strong interest of several scholars, though mainly by historians of mathematics. Aristotle mentioned critically his quadrature of the circle by means of segments or by means of lunules. Aristotle’s commentator Simplicius, citing Eudemus of Rhodos, quoted a longer paraphrase of Hippocrates’ arguments regarding the quadrature of the lunules. Appropriately selected parts from these arguments are given here in Greek, along with their faithful Polish translation. One should carefully understand the critical stance of Aristotle, who in his particular way understood quadrature as the finding of the geometrical mean and, therefore, accused Hippocrates of using false diagrams.
The article aims at presenting an outline of the Ukrainian literature that has been popularised on the Polish publishing market after 1989. The transformation taking place in Ukraine encouraged Poles’ interest in their south-eastern neighbour. This popularity is not yet reflected in their acquaintance with Ukrainian literature published in Poland. This shows that Ukraine is still perceived through a political rather than literary or cultural perspective. The undertaken analysis revealed that the range of Ukrainian literature in translation offered by Polish publishing houses is not, however, as modest as it might be expected judging by its little popularity.
The article is an overview of Polish translations of Italian literature published between 2000 and 2020. The presentation aims to capture the characteristic phenomena of the domestic market of translations from Italian to Polish in times dominated by capitalism and the new media. The author contemplates the role of the reviewer/literary critic in these new conditions, and asks whether reviewers/literary critics can still drive the readers’ choices and receptions, and shape their knowledge and awareness.
In his work the author presents the process of creating the first complete Polish translation of Gaius’s Institutiones by Cezary Kunderewicz (in the 19th c. the first two books were translated into Polish by Dydyński). The translation was published by PWN in 1982 (in 2003 another Polish edition was published by Rozwadowski). The author supposes that professor Kunderewicz probably started his translation in the early 1970s. He refers to his own memories as he is now the oldest disciple of Professor Kunderewicz. The author mentions that Kunderewicz was excellently prepared for this difficult work. Several years earlier Kunderewicz translated the treatise on Roman Aqueducts written by Frontinus. The article is clearly based on memories. This is the reason why the author is quoting only one review of Kunderewicz’s translation and why he does no try to evaluate the translation. In the end the author writes also about Kunderewicz’s another translation – Polish edition of Justinian’s Institutes, which was published in 1986.
Paper presents the brief history of the first investigations into South Slavic dialects. It contains the Polish translation of Rešetar’s questionnaire “Pitanja ogovoru prostoga naroda” published in 1897, with some comments on methodology. The author presents the investigated dialectic phenomena in the field of phonetics, morphology and syntax based on afew responses. Some lexical characteristics of speech at the time are also explored. The instructions are compared with the contemporary approach to dialectological research. Other comments on the pioneer research are presented from the perspective of diachronic dialectology.
HR
Rad predstavlja kratku povijest prvih dijalektoloških istraživanja kod južnih Slavena. On sadrži ipoljski prijevod Rešetarovoga upitnika Pitanja ogovoru prostoga naroda objavljenog 1897 s metodološkim komentarima. Na osnovu nekoliko odgovora, autor donosi istražene dijalektološke pojave na području fonetike, morfologije isintakse. Također, navodi ineka leksička obilježja ondašnjeg govora. Upute su uspoređene isa suvremenom metodologijom dijalektoloških istraživanja. Navedeni su idrugi komentari opionirskom istraživanju uperspektivi dijakronijske dijalektologije.
This articles presents the results of a quantitative analysis of frequently appearing words in a data set of over 2,500 Polish texts: Polish literature from the fourteenth to twenty-first century, and Polish translations from English, French, Russian and (to a lesser degree) other languages. The data set reveals a visible signal by type and by original language. The results also point to a definite stylometric specificity of Polish translations of Shakespeare, and their stylometric resemblance to Polish romantic and neoromantic dramas.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy ilościowej najczęstszych słów korpusu ponad 2500 tekstów polskich: literatura polska od XIV do XXI wieku oraz polskie przekłady z angielskiego, francuskiego, rosyjskiego i (w mniejszym stopniu) innych języków. Wykazano istnienie w korpusie silnego sygnału rodzajowego i sygnału języka wyjściowego. Wyniki wskazują również na wyraźną odrębność stylometryczną języka polskich przekładów szekspirowskich i ich bardzo silne podobieństwo stylometryczne do polskiego dramatu romantycznego i neoromantycznego.
In the article, a problem of translation of the old Serbian literary texts into Polish is discussed together with the basic mechanisms of the reception process of creativity revealed by the Orthodox Slavs from the Balkan region, that is, in other words, the works arisen in the circle of the Slaviae Orthodoxae and their presence in the Polish culture’s space which belonged to the circle of the Slaviae Latinae. The considerations regard the essence and function of translation, presence and absence of translated literature - its initial version in the target space, and their foundation is located in the collections of translations existing in the Polish reading circuit. The issue of the presence or position of the old South Slavonic literatures, namely, the old Serbian texts in their Polish translation, is featured in several possible perspectives. The problem is exposed in the aspect of these texts’ peripheral character and literary genetics. By dint of the first reference, a phenomenon of asymmetry in the realm of translated literatures is emphasized, which results from the domination of the so-called world literatures and the marginalization of the so-called small literatures along with the translated literary texts’ place - their initial (Old Church Slavonic) status from the view-point of the target (Polish) culture’s space, and their situation in this specific polysystem. The genetic studies’ path, however, is used in order to expose a form of the translated literature’s presence (old Serbian texts in their Polish translation), and to indicate the strategy of its introduction, namely, anthology as a supporting platform of the initial (source) literature in the space of the target culture together with its presentation, dialogical, and intercultural function derived from the authorized genre. In the article’s conclusion, the author accentuates the fact that the collections or individual publications of the old Serbian works, omitting various values of the particular projects and realizations, exist in the Polish reading circuit in order to reflect largely their presence status, knowledge, and need for those concrete South Slavonic literature.
PL
In the article, a problem of translation of the old Serbian literary texts into Polish is discussed together with the basic mechanisms of the reception process of creativity revealed by the Orthodox Slavs from the Balkan region, that is, in other words, the works arisen in the circle of the Slaviae Orthodoxae and their presence in the Polish culture’s space which belonged to the circle of the Slaviae Latinae. The considerations regard the essence and function of translation, presence and absence of translated literature - its initial version in the target space, and their foundation is located in the collections of translations existing in the Polish reading circuit. The issue of the presence or position of the old South Slavonic literatures, namely, the old Serbian texts in their Polish translation, is featured in several possible perspectives. The problem is exposed in the aspect of these texts’ peripheral character and literary genetics.
In the first part, the article discusses selected aspects of the history of the first Polish translation of F. Kafka’s novel The Trial, and indicates that numerous and significant changes were introduced into it anonymously, starting from the first post-war issue in 1957. The author claims that in fact we are not dealing with one and the same translation, but a translation palimpsest. The second part of the article presents the interpretation of The Trial which states that while writing his novel Kafka considerably referred to the anthroposophical ideas included in the book How to Know Higher Worlds by Rudolf Steiner, then regarding that it analyzes The Trial as a variant of a folktale (a mythical story) about a hero based on the findings of Vladimir Propp (Morphology of the Folktale) and Joseph Campbell (The Hero with Thousand Faces).
Статься посвящена одному из самых популярных романов Аркадия и Бориса Стругацких, "Понедельник начинается в субботу" (1965 г.). В ней рассматривается контекст создания произведения и анализируются различия между двумя польскими переводами романа – 19701989 гг. (Ирэны Пиотровской) и 2009 г. (Эвы Скурской). Анализ ключевых замен и опущений позволяет утверждать, что в большинстве случаев они были вызваны цензурой, функционировавшей как в СССР, так и в ПНР (хотя и поразному), а сравнение с текстом оригинала («каноническое» издание собрания сочинений 20002001 гг.) показывает, что польские переводчицы пользовались разными версиями оригинала.
EN
The article is dedicated to one of the most popular novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, "Monday Begins on Saturday" (1965). It discusses the circumstances of the novel’s origins, as well as portraying the differences between two Polish translations – one from 1970/1989 (Irena Piotrowska) and another from 2009 (Ewa Skórska). Analysing the most significant changes and omissions allows one to conclude that those were, by their nature, imposed by the censorship which was at work in the Soviet Union as well as in the People’s Republic of Poland (albeit on slightly different terms). A comparison with the Russian text (the ‘canonical’ edition from the collected works 2000-2001) illustrates that the Polish translators used different editions of the original.
The paper seeks to establish the basis of the Polish translation of the Old French romance about the “beautiful Magielona.” The Polish version was translated in the sixteeth century, though not from the French, but via a German or Czech version. Until now, there were no studies on the base text of the Polish translation, transmitted in several seventeenth-century editions. The analysis presented in our paper concerns the delimitation of the text, i.e. the division of content into chapters in the Polish prints in comparison to the German editions of the sixteenth century and to the Czech version (transmitted from the eighteenth century), as well as the comparison of the opening sentences of the chapters. It allows for the conclusion that the Polish translation arose most probably from the German version, from an edition containing the primary segmentation of the German text, which in the second half of the sixteenth century was published in a secondary edition with a finer segmentation of the text.
PL
Artykuł dąży do ustalenia podstawy polskiego przekładu starofrancuskiego romansu o „pięknej Magielonie”. Polska wersja została przełożona w wieku XVI, lecz nie z francuskiego, tylko za pośrednictwem wersji niemieckiej lub czeskiej. Dotychczas brak było badań, które pozwoliłyby określić podstawę polskiego tłumaczenia, przekazanego w kilku wydaniach siedemnastowiecznych. Analiza przedstawiona w niniejszej rozprawie dotyczy delimitacji tekstu, czyli podziału treści na rozdziały w polskich drukach w porównaniu do niemieckich wydań z XVI wieku oraz do wersji czeskiej (poświadczonej dopiero z wieku XVIII), jak również porównania inicjalnych zdań rozdziałów. Pozwala sformułować wniosek, że polski przekład powstał najprawdopodobniej z wersji niemieckiej, z wydania zawierającego pierwotną segmentację tekstu niemieckiego, który w drugiej połowie XVI wieku wydawany był w redakcji wtórnej z drobniejszą segmentacją tekstu.
W ostatnich latach wzrosła popularność literatury dziecięcej i młodzieżowej, szczególnie literatury fantastycznej. Również liczba tłumaczeń tego rodzaju książek wciąż rośnie. Świat fantasy opisany w tym gatunku ma także własne „realia”, które można tłumaczyć na różne sposoby. Te fantastyczne „specyficzne dla kultury” elementy mogą mieć również odniesienie do realnej kultury lub okresu kulturowo-historycznego, nawet jeśli te konotacje nie zawsze są widoczne od razu. Tłumacze stosują różne strategie tłumaczeniowe, takie jak kopiowanie, zastępowanie, tłumaczenie (dosłownie lub nie) lub różne modyfikacje. Strategie te zostały również wykorzystane w polskim tłumaczeniu Listu dla króla Tonke Dragt, które ukazało się w 2017 r. Jest to jedna z najbardziej znanych holenderskich książek dla dzieci. W 2004 r. książkę wyróżniono nagrodą specjalną: Griffel der Griffels — za najlepszą książkę od 1955 r. Analiza w artykule skupia się na tłumaczeniu nazw własnych i wybranych nazw zwyczajowych oraz innych realiach tego quasi-średniowiecznego świata fantasy.
EN
In recent years the popularity of children’s and youth literature has increased, especially the fantastic literature. Also the number of translations of this kind of books is still growing. The fantasy worlds described in this genre also have their own ‘realia,’ which can be translated in different ways. That fantastic ‘culture-specific’ elements can also be linked to a real culture or cultural-historical period, even if the connotations are not always immediately visible. The translators use different translation strategies such as copy, replacement, translation (literally or not) or different modifications. These strategies were also used in the Polish translation of The letter for the king (Tonke Dragt) which has appeared in 2017. This is one of the most famous Dutch children’s books. In 2004 it was awarded with a special prize: Griffel der Griffels—for the very best book from 1955 onwards. The analysis in the article focused on the translation of proper names and some selected common names and other realia of that quasi-medieval fantasy world.
NL
In de afgelopen jaren is de populariteit van kinder- en jeugdliteratuur toegenomen, vooral van fantastische literatuur. Ook het aantal vertalingen van dit soort boeken groeit nog steeds. De fantasiewerelden die in dit genre worden beschreven, hebben ook hun eigen ‘realia’, die op verschillende manieren kunnen worden vertaald. Die fantastische ‘cultuurspecifieke’ elementen kunnen ook worden gekoppeld aan een echte cultuur- of cultuurhistorische periode, ook al zijn de connotaties niet altijd direct zichtbaar. Vertalers gebruiken verschillende vertaalstrategieën zoals calque, vervangen, vertalen (letterlijk of niet) of verschillende adaptaties. Deze strategieën werden ook gebruikt in de Poolse vertaling van De brief voor de koning (Tonke Dragt) die in 2017 verscheen. Dit is een van de bekendste Nederlandse kinderboeken. In 2004 ontving het een speciale prijs: Griffel der Griffels voor het allerbeste boek uit 1955. De analyse in het artikel concentreert zich op de vertaling van eigennamen, enkele algemene namen en andere realiteiten van die quasi-middeleeuwse fantasiewereld.
W dziewiętnastowiecznej literaturze seksualność może być przedstawiona tylko w sposób pośredni – poprzez aluzje i metafory. W „Zdobyczy” Emila Zoli rośliny w szklarni wyrażają i symbolizują pragnienia postaci. Siła pierwotnego obrazu została jednak całkowicie zatracona w polskim przekładzie, powstałym w 1950 roku. Będąc wytworem komunistycznych realiów, tekst ten nie bierze pod uwagę kulturowego aspektu procesu tłumaczenia. Próba wiernego oddania warstwy leksykalnej i syntaktycznej odbywa się w nim kosztem charakterytycznej dla Zoli „malarskości” opisu, co powoduje, że najpiękniejsze fragmenty dzieła pisarza pozostają w zasadzie nieznane polskim czytelnikom.
EN
In the literature of the 19th century, sexuality may be painted only in an indirect way, through allusions or metaphors. In Émile Zola’s "La Curée", plants in a greenhouse express and symbolize the character’s desire. However, the force of the original image is completely lost in the Polish translation, made in the 1950s. Being a product of the Communist period, this text doesn’t take into consideration the cultural aspect of the process of translation. An attempt to imitate the lexical and syntactic structure is made at the cost of pictorial description, characteristic of Zola’s prose. Therefore, the most beautiful fragments of French novel remain nearly unknown to polish readers.
Artykuł poświęcony jest dwóm zbiorom maksym zamieszczonym w „Uwagach” Ignacego Krasickiego – „Przestrogom, które Nabi Effendi synowi swemu zostawił” oraz „Myślom”. Autorka odnajduje źródła, z których Książę Biskup czerpał zapisane w nich sentencje (są to pozycje należące do klasyki literatury orientalnej – „Hayriye” Yusufa Nabiego oraz „Historia i mądrość” Ahikara Asyryjczyka), i przedstawia ich krótką historię oraz ich znaczenie w literaturze europejskiej.
EN
The paper is devoted to two collections of maxims contained in Ignacy Krasicki’s “Uwagi” (“Remarks”), namely to “Przestrogi, które Nabi Effendi synowi swemu zostawił” (“Warnings that Nabi Effendi Left to His Son”) and to “Myśli” (“Thoughts”). The authoress finds the sources from which Krasicki took the maxims (these are the pieces of classical Oriental literature, namely “Hayriye” by Yusuf Nabi and “Historia i mądrość” (“History and Wisdom”) by Ahikar of Assyria, she presents their concise history as well as their significance to European literature.
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