There is an increasing tendency for Polish women to travel to Egypt on holiday. They seem be driven by more than the need to sunbathe on an azure seashore. There is also the phenomenon of what is commonly denominated „sex tourism”. Egypt is said to be one of the main female sex tourism destinations of present times. The author of this paper was interested in the range of reasons for which young heterosexual Polish women have vacations in Egypt. She wanted to verify the relevance of the stereotype of the sexual motive of travelling to Egypt. She further sought to investigate what drove Polish women and Egyptian men to enter multicultural relationships.
The main goal of this study was to determine whether and how values of the BMI, WHR and W/Ht indicators change in pre- and postmenopausal women. The tested group consisted of 10,216 women aged 25-95 years. Data were collected during the national campaign "Fighting Obesity", organized by Hand-Prod Company between 2000-2002 across Poland, when adult women voluntarily filled in a questionnaire and participated in anthropometric measurements. The BMI, WHR and W/Ht values were calculated based on these measurements. The values of the BMI, WHR and W/Ht change with age. However, in each age group postmenopausal women have higher BMI, WHR and W/Ht than premenopausal women. Thus, the results obtained indicate that hormonal changes occurring in the climacterium period cause an increase in the analyzed index values. The BMI used herein is characterized by high accuracy in indicating obesity. Moreover, the WHR and W/Ht are also used as adiposity indicators, which may be useful in assessment of the risk of disease or death caused by hypertension, cardiac diseases, diabetes, or even cancers. However, they should not be used only in relation to obese women, because even a slight increase in visceral obesity, with body mass within normal limits, may contribute to unfavorable changes in the woman's metabolic profile, which in turn, may present a risk of illness.
PL
Głównym celem niniejszej pracy było określenie czy i w jaki sposób zmieniają się wartości wskaźników BMI, WHR oraz W/Ht u kobiet przed menopauzą i po menopauzie. Badaną grupę stanowiło 10.216 kobiet w wieku 25-95 lat. Dane zebrano podczas ogólnopolskiej akcji "Walczymy z Otyłością", organizowanej przez Firmę Hand-Prod w latach 2000-2002 na terenie całej Polski, podczas której zgłaszające się dorosłe kobiety dobrowolnie wypełniały ankietę, i którym wykonano pomiary wysokości, masy ciała, obwodu pasa oraz bioder. Na podstawie wykonanych pomiarów określono wskaźnik BMI, WHR oraz W/Ht.Niedowagę stwierdzono u 1,0% kobiet. Częstość występowania nadwagi w badanej grupie wynosiła 38,4%, natomiast otyłości 27,9% (ryc. 1 i 2). Prawidłowe wartości (poniżej predysponujących do wystąpienia chorób powiązanych z otyłością) dla WHR stwierdzono u 32% kobiet, zaś dla W/Ht u 22%. Stwierdzono pozytywne korelacje pomiędzy analizowanymi parametrami (BMI-WHR R=0,29, p<0,05; BMI-W/Ht R=0,79, p<0,05; WHR-W/Ht R=0,64, p<0,05). Zaobserwowano, że nawet wśród kobiet o prawidłowej masie ciała niemal połowa charakteryzowała się WHR≥0,8 oraz W/Ht≥05, zaś wśród kobiet z nadwagą oraz otyłych częstości te istotnie rosły (tab. 1).Do obliczenia wieku menopauzy wykorzystano metodę "status quo", która umożliwia wyeliminowanie błędu, jakim obarczone jest badanie retrospektywne. Wykorzystując analizę probitową, określono procent kobiet w każdej grupie wiekowej, które przestały miesiączkować, co najmniej 12 miesięcy przed poddaniem się badaniu. średnia probitowa wieku postmenopauzalnego dla kobiet po menopauzie naturalnej wynosi 51,74 lata (chi2= 6513,59, df =1, p<0,00).Chcąc zbadać, czy i w jaki sposób wraz z menopauzą zmieniają się u kobiet wartości parametrów morfologicznych określonych na podstawie wskaźników: BMI, WHR oraz W/Ht, w pierwszej kolejności przeanalizowano zmiany tych parametrów z wiekiem. W tym celu zastosowano analizę regresji, która wykazała, że wartości wszystkich wskaźników istotnie rosną z wiekiem (tab. 2 i 3). Następnie w celu zaobserwowania zmian wskaźnika BMI w grupach kobiet przed menopauzą i po menopauzie, przeprowadzono analizę wariancji. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, iż zmiany wartości wskaźnika BMI, WHR oraz W/Ht, w grupach kobiet przed menopauzą i po menopauzie, istotnie się różnią (tab. 4). Kobiety, które nadal miesiączkują mają wskaźniki BMI (wartość testu F=648,62 df=1, p<0,001), WHR (F=164.64 df=1, p<0.001) oraz W/Ht (F=18.24, df=1, p<0.01) niższe niż kobiety, znajdujące się w okresie pomenopauzalnym. Wartości współczynników zmienności wskazują na znaczną zmienność tej cechy, zarówno w grupie kobiet przed menopauzą, jak i po menopauzie. Jednakże w każdej grupie wiekowej kobiety po menopauzie mają wskaźniki BMI, WHR oraz W/Ht wyższe niż kobiety przed menopauzą (ryc. 3-5).Zmiany hormonalne zachodzące w okresie klimakterium powodują wzrost wartości wskaźników BMI, WHR oraz W/Ht. Niezależnie od wieku kalendarzowego menopauza przyczynia się do zmian w rozkładzie tkanki tłuszczowej u kobiet. Wykorzystany w niniejszej pracy wskaźnik BMI charakteryzuje się wysoką dokładnością w predykowaniu otyłości. Wskaźniki WHR oraz W/Ht, jako indykatory otłuszczenia, mogą być użyteczne do oceny ryzyka zachorowania lub śmierci z powodu nadciśnienia, chorób serca, cukrzycy a nawet nowotworów. Wskaźniki te powinny być wykorzystywane nie tylko w odniesieniu do kobiet otyłych, ponieważ nawet niewielki wzrost otyłości wisceralnej, przy masie ciała pozostającej w normie, może przyczyniać się do niesprzyjających zmian profilu metabolicznego kobiety, a tym samym stanowić ryzyko wystąpienia chorób.
The aim of the article is to present and introduce the problem of loneliness among Polish women living in Great Britain. The level of modern globalisation affects the paceof their lives, preferred acculturation strategies, and the quality and frequency of interpersonal contacts they create with the Polish diaspora community, as well as with the English culture. In confrontation with the new reality, they oen experience a lack of understanding and rejection, which can lead to an increased sense of loneliness. In order to counteract this phenomenon, these women should be equipped with the ability to cope with situations of adaptation to living conditions on emigration.
A numerous previous reports on Polish women’s emigration provided information on their passive role in the decision making process concerning leaving Poland, obtaining employment predominantly in the sector of household services or their marriage-oriented strategy of survival in the foreign country. The current picture of women’s roles in emigration has been changed. The purpose of the presented research was to explore the paths of self-realization of Polish female emigrants regarding the gender roles realised by them in the field of the work-life balance idea. The research was conducted in psycho-sociological approach. There were 113 adult Polish female emigrants, who had spent a period of time exceeding one year on emigration in Europe, North America, Australia and Asia admitted to the research. This project was realised on the basis of quantitative data gathered throughout online survey and supplemented by qualitative data in the shape of 15 semi-structured interviews. The obtained results showed that the examined Polish women declare to undertake gender roles compliant with the new cultural model, and to lesser extent compliant to the traditional one. They demonstrated proactiveness in the phase of decision-making about emigration and as they attempted to combine their family life with the professional sphere in the country they have arrived in what corresponds with the WLB idea promoted in developed countries.
This paper is an analysis of the migration strategies of Polish women and the types of professions they practice in the Netherlands. In recent years, especially after the Polish accession to the European Union in 2004, many Poles (according to estimates approximately 200 000 people, half of them women) have emigrated to the Netherlands. Statistically, the most commonly performed professions of Polish migrant women are described and interpreted in the framework of migration studies, which take into account the gender perspective and the essential distinctiveness of male and female migration experiences.
The Polish women’s relationships with partners of diwerent cultures raise a lot of contro versy, emotion and conicting ratings, although this is a frequent occurrence in Great - Britain. You can o¢en see Polish women with Arabic, Hindi or even with Latin partners, but not always you can see this with a favourable opinion other Polish people. A decision about sharing a life with someone with a diwerent culture, religion or language is an interest to many researchers.
ObjectivesHigh mammographic breast density (MBD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. The results of some epidemiological studies suggest that one of the lifestyle factors likely altering breast density is cigarette smoking. The aim of this study was to assess the association between active smoking, considering in detail the duration and intensity of smoking, and MBD among Polish women.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional study included 467 women aged 40–60 years who underwent screening mammography in Łódź, Poland. Volumetric mammographic density, fibroglandular tissue volume and non-fibroglandular tissue volume were determined based on the analysis of mammographic image (in the “for processing” format) using Volpara Imaging Software. Current and lifetime intensity of cigarette smoking was assessed based on the data from interviews. Linear and logistic regressions were fitted with estimated MBD parameters as the outcomes, and life-long smoking duration and intensity as the determinants, adjusted for major confounders.ResultsThe former smokers had a significantly lower volumetric mammographic density compared to the non-smokers in the crude analysis (p = 0.022). However, the associations became insignificant after adjustments for important confounding factors. The analyses adjusted for important confounders revealed an inverse statistically significant association between the number of pack-years and volumetric mammographic density among the current smokers (p = 0.048).ConclusionsThe observed result is consistent with the majority of previous studies that analyzed the associations between mammographic density and life-long smoking duration.
The defeat of the January Uprising caused the Russian repression against the polish society. One of the hardest punishments was an exiled to Siberia – the place which was known as an uncivilized land with an extremely adverse climate. Among the exiles can be find as well as women. Part of them were penalized for their politician activity against Russian administration. They frequently acted as the conspirators, couriers involved in the struggle for independence. The second group of women were, the most frequently, the wives of the exiles, however there were as well as the daughters and the mothers. The aim of the article is to present the women’s journey in Siberia according to the memories of Jadwiga Prendowska and Maria Morzycka. First of them was penalized due to her independence activities, whereas the second one was sent in Siberia as a voluntary companion of her husband. The article is concerned on the similarity and the diffrences between these two women and their experiences of the journey to exile.
The interwar period was still a colonial era. The biggest empires were profiting from their colonies, but the younger countries, that arose after the first world war, were aspiring to gain some overseas areas. In that era Polish women were reading press articles, which were promoting the idea of Polish colonies. The texts provided for readers were rather factual. Press also used reprints of texts by polish and foreign explorers. At the same time, women travelers, such as Janina Olszewska, Romana Rezlerowa, Maria Olga Tchórznicka, or medical doctor N.Z. had visited African continent. They were relaying their experiences, at the same time emphasing the benefits from the colonial rule for local denizens and women’s position in African societies. That was a way of creating social acceptance and support for the idea of Polish colonies. At the same time because of the social upbringing of women travelers texts reflected how they perceived their realities.
PL
Okres międzywojenny to epoka kolonializmu. Największe mocarstwa czerpały zyski z kolonii, a nowo powstałe po I wojnie światowej państwa miały aspiracje do ich posiadania. W tej rzeczywistości Polki, czytając artykuły prasowe, poddawane były promocji idei polskich kolonii. Dostarczano im artykuły rzeczowe, a także przedruki tekstów polskich i zagranicznych odkrywców. Jednocześnie polskie podróżniczki, które odwiedzały kolonie w Afryce, jak Janina Olszewska, Romana Rezlerowa, Maria Olga Tchórznicka czy autorka pod pseudonimem N.Z., zdawały relacje podkreślające korzyści płynące dla lokalnej ludności wynikające z władzy europejskiego mocarstwa. Poza tym skupiały się na roli kobiety w afrykańskim społeczeństwie. W ten sposób artykuły były zarówno metodą kreowania społecznego poparcia dla idei polskich kolonii, jak i pokazywały jej działanie przez wpływ na postrzeganie afrykańskiej rzeczywistości wśród podróżujących Polek.
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