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EN
In 2008, a very interesting and modern work published by the Institute of Public Affairs, could be noticed, entitled Subwencje z budżetu państwa dla partii politycznych. Jawność i kontrola [Subsidies for Political Parties from the State’s Budget: Transparency and Control]. As the editor of the book, Jarosław Zbieranek, states in the introduction, the ISP [the Institute of Public Affairs] has been initiating research for years, as well as organizing academic sessions, whose core is an analysis of the Polish solutions as to the financing of political parties passed by an amendment of the political parties act of 12 April 2001. Resultingly, the reviewed work constitutes an outcome of these activities. It is a conclusion from the research project Transparentność finansów partii politycznych [Transparency of Finances of Political Parties] of 2008, whose members devoted their research predominantly to the evaluation of two, considerable from the point of view of proper and clear functioning of democracy, issues, namely the case of transparency of the parties’ use of financial means from the state’s budget, as well as the control of their expenditure.
EN
In a democratic environment, Political Parties are the fulcrum and focal instrument because it set the foundation or the platform for representation in government and politics of a people. As an institution that continuously seeks the control of state power and authority it then behoove on it to set the agenda of integration so as to synergize the strength of bonding for national achievement. However, this can only be achieved through its policy templates, true process of democratization and a more nationalistic outlook instead of sectionalism amidst others. Nigeria, as a country have been persistently challenged with the problem of achieving a common front due to the myriad of factors that continuously bifurcate every of its fiber or fabrics. Hence, this paper examines the role of political parties in achieving National integration in Nigeria. After using the primary and secondary sources of data collection analysis it was obvi-ous that political parties have continuously failed in integrating the society due to a strong hold on ethnic divides, corruption, unfulfilled promises, thuggery among other negative portraits. Thus, the paper recommends that political parties should reflect a national outlook instead of been primordial, therefore the independent national elec-toral commission should not register parties with parochial ideology more so, citizens should be encourage to massively participate in politics so as to enclose the possibility of election rigging. Political Parties, Integration, Democratization, Nigeria W środowisku demokratycznym partie polityczne są punktem odniesienia i głównym instrumentem, ponieważ stanowią podstawę lub platformę reprezentacji narodu w rządzie i polityce. Jako instytucja, która nieustannie poszukuje kontroli władzy i autorytetu państwa, zobowiązuje się następnie do wyznaczenia programu integracji, tak aby synergicznie zwiększyć siłę więzi dla narodowych osiągnięć. Można to jednak osiągnąć tylko dzięki szablonom politycznym, prawdziwemu procesowi demokratyzacji i bardziej nacjonalistycznym poglądom zamiast sekcjonalizmu pośród innych. Nigeria, jako kraj, nieustannie stawiała czoła problemowi osiągnięcia wspólnego frontu ze względu na niezliczone czynniki, które nieustannie rozszczepiają każde z jej „włókien”. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł analizuje rolę partii politycznych w osiąganiu integracji narodowej w Nigerii. Po skorzystaniu z pierwotnych i wtórnych źródeł analizy gromadzenia danych było oczywiste, że partiom politycznym nieustannie zawodziła integracja społeczeństwa ze względu na silne trzymanie się podziałów etnicznych, korupcję, niespełnione obietnice, przestępczość i inne negatywne czynniki. W artykule zaleca się, aby partie polityczne odzwierciedlały poglądy narodowe. Niezależna krajowa komisja wyborcza nie powinna rejestrować partii tylko „o ideologii zaściankowej”. Należy zachęcać obywateli do masowego udziału w polityce, tak aby ograniczyć możliwość fałszerstw wyborczych. Partie polityczne, integracja, demokratyzacja, Nigeria
EN
The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of support for the process of accession of the Republic of Macedonia in the European Union by political parties, but also to determine whether that support is only nominal, i.e. declarative, or is it realistic, concrete and active support realized through instruments and mechanisms available to the political parties in the country. Also, in this paper will be analyzed the attitudes of political parties in Macedonia, referring to the name dispute with Greece, fostering good neighborly relations with Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania, but also in respect of certain internal political issues.
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2013
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vol. 5(41)
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issue 2
93-121
EN
Christian Democracy has been very influential political force in postwar Western Europe. Christian Democratic parties (developing into the people’s party) largely shaped the postwar consensus of democratic governance, anty-communism and a moderately interventionist welfare state. They also played a leading role in the creation of European Economic Community and – since the end of Cold War – its subsequent enlargement and transformation into the current European Union. Christian Democracy is fundamental for understanding postwar and post-Cold War European history and politics. This article presents specificity of Christian Democratic parties in the countries of the European Union and highlights some of the particularities and universalities of European Christian Democracy from a comparative and transnational perspectives. Authors (political scientists) examine the phenomenon of European Christian Democratic parties with respect to such issues as genesis of political parties, consociational democracy,'catch-all' party model and the concept of a political center.
EN
The paper discusses some chosen, leading tendencies observed in the area of political relations and systems of exercising power in Latin America. The author attempts to analyze some specific features characteristic for the transforma-tions in the Latin American political systems. She takes into consideration main as-pects and conditions of the political transitions which are: the growing importance of elections, as well as durability and popularity of electoral democracy in that region; the extension of competences and reinforcement of the role of executive powers; the crisis of representative democracy; the decline of the importance and role of political parties and the parliament; the appearance of apolitical forms of leadership and new forms of expression of social interests. The paper ends up in a conclusion that Latin America enters a new phase of political advancement and attempts to find its own model of democracy.
ES
El trabajo reflexiona sobre algunos fenómenos que destacaron en el ámbito de las relaciones políticas y desempeño del poder en América Latina. El artí-culo trata de responder a la pregunta sobre la especificidad de los cambios de los sis-temas políticos. La autora analiza los principales aspectos y condiciones de la transi-ción política, a los que incluye el aumento de la importancia de las elecciones, la per-manencia y universalidad de la democracia electoral en la región, la ampliación de las competencias y el fortalecimiento del papel del poder ejecutivo, la crisis de la demo-cracia representativa, el déficit de la importancia y papel de los partidos políticos y el parlamento, la propagación de formas apolíticas del liderazgo y las nuevas formas de articulación de los intereses sociales. El artículo termina con la conclusión que América Latina entra en una nueva fase del desarrollo político y busca su propio modelo de la democracia.
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