SME sector in the polish market economy and in another countries are growing rapidly last times.Small and medium-sized enterprises are a valuable resource for countries with developedmarket economy. They have importance role in the Polish economy and a great influence fortheir development. The development of this sector is related to the numerous circumstanceslike the development of national economy, economy structure and conditions, financial stateand local governments as well economic policies. The researches in this area should know allthe circumstances, to eliminate their negative impact and get propositions to economic policy,which allows eliminating these barriers.The analysis of small and medium businesses, which will be presented in the article wascarried out for the period 1994–2007.The analyses were based of statistical data obtained fromCSO. Based on these data have been done analysis of small and medium businesses. In thearticle has shown the level of investment expenditures, economic and financial results MSP’sector in last years received positive indicator as the results of own activity.
The world economy is, to a larger and larger degree, connected with the sea and dependent on it, therefore there are no alternatives for ships and other naval objects – they are and will be built. It is definitely untrue that the shipbuilding industry decays. The trade is doing well and can do even better, at least with regards to the macroeconomic situation on the world market which enforces the necessity of scrapping a large part of the senescent freight fleet and imposes new requirements of greater safety of navigation or environmental protection. In such a situation, Polish shipyards are able to compete on the world’s shipping markets; they enjoy a good reputation among ship-owners. The ships built in Polish shipyards are characterized by high quality and are favoured in the world rankings of high prestige, thus the value of order book for ships systematically increases.
The quality of intellectual resources becomes increasingly important, especially in the process of shaping the economy based on knowledge and overcoming the effects of the economic crisis. The quality of intellectual resources depends on the quality of functioning of higher education. In the process of improving the quality of intellectual resources not only the level of education of the society is essential but also the direction of graduate studies, which affects job opportunities. The aim of this article was to determine the changes in the functioning of higher education in Poland and changes of the structure of academic education in years 1990–2008, with particular emphasis on the recent years’ changes. The changes were shown on the background of the European Union.
W programie treści kształcenia w nowym przedmiocie wkraczającym do systemuedukacyjnego podstawy przedsiębiorczości” bardzo ważnym zagadnieniem jest problematyka rynku pracy i bezrobocia...
During the transformations of economic system, basic changes in various factors and conditions had a strong effect on the functioning of industrial enterprises, including the sugar industry. The transition from the centrally commanded economy to market economy considerably influenced the Polish sugar industry, with a very negative effect. In 1993 the whole branch showed negative net profitability index. Prospects for the Polish sugar industry appeared together with foreign investors (on from the UK and three from Germany), who took over nearly 65% of all sugar plants. Restructurisation activities raised the competitiveness of particular enterprises. Year 2002 brought the formation of a large state owned manufacturer. The most characteristic feature of the Polish sugar industry is production potential surplus and a considerable dispersal of production. These factors largely contributed to the initiation of a production concentration process in 2001, which aimed at liquidating the unprofitable plants. The apogee of this process came in 2004, when 14 sugar plants were closed. In the current sugar campaign (2006/2007) 36 plants take part, out of 76 that existed in 2000. 40 were closed, which is 52.6% of all that existed. It must be pointed out that further reduction of the number of existing plants is possible, since the current level of sugar production is attainable with 20-25 functioning plants.
Small and middle enterprises (SME) are the basic part of the economy in European Unionincluding Poland. Typical feature of them are: high level of flexibility in adaptation to the chan-ges in business environment, strong motivation of entrepreneurs because of the relation betweenprofitability of an enterprise and income of its owner, high efficiency of prospering of SME thatcorresponds to the big financial discipline that dominates in SME sector and low absorptionof capital in the production areas.All these characteristics cause SME sector plays very important role in increasing GrossDomestic Product and added value as well as in increasing the employment. In 2004 the numberof active enterprises of this sector in Poland was estimated to over 1 690 000 which was the99,8% of all enterprises in this country. The number of employees in Polish SME sector in 2005was about 8234,1 that was over 71% of total number of employees working in all the enterprises.Moreover, in 2005 the SME sector generated 47,7% of gross domestic product and 54,2% of ad-ded value. It should be emphasized that importance of micro, middle and small enterprises wasdifferent in particular sectors of economy like: industrial processing, trade, constructions, ho-tels and restaurants, transport etc.Unfortunately, some problems occurred in development of SME sector, for example: thedecreasing number of active enterprises in total number of registered enterprises, low innovativeness of Polish middle and small enterprises, short time of life, high rate of employment in thegrey zone. It shows the importance of supporting this sector by national or local governmentunder the auspices of EU which formulated the rules of common politics for SME sector. You canfind these regulations in common European SME Policy and European Competition Policy. It isnecessary to remove all barriers to the SME sector progress by reducing off-pay costs, decre-asing taxes, limiting number of concessions and certificates of approval.
Political changes in Germany are always crucial for Poland, and Piotr Buras reviews diverse approaches in Poland to its western neighbour as well as the potential of future bilateral relations.
The paper contains the author’s attempt to review the history of Polish political science from World War II to the present day, its condition and characteristics. The progress political science has made in Poland has been crowned by its achieving the status of a rightful science, recognized by the representatives of numerous renowned fields of study. However, the factors that have contributed to the present status quo have also been administrative, even political. Yet these have neither determined the place of political science nor are they decisive in terms of its status in academia now. The stage of demonstrating its scientific status is already behind political science which, firstly, has demonstrated a clearly defined range of research issues, secondly, has undertaken significant research and arrived at valuable conclusions, and thirdly, has attracted competent, increasingly more versatile and thoroughly educated professionals. At present, political science is facing the challenges reminiscent of those faced by the remaining social sciences. In these terms, political science has not reached the limits of its transformation or capacity.
The article focuses on aspects of modern monetary strategy: inflation expectationsand inflation forecasts. Inflation forecasts’ main function is shaping inflationexpectations. The deeper the impact of a central bank on expectations, the easierits task of stabilization of inflation on the targeted level. The article presents theresults of empirical research that verifies the hypothesis on existence of interdependencesof inflation forecasts and inflation expectations. The research coverstwo countries: Sweden and the Czech Republic. The research methodology includesquantitative methods: quantification of expectations (Carlson-Parkin method)and non-parametric statistics of interdependences. The research confirms theexistence of statistically important interdependences of inflation forecasts andexpectations in both countries. Their strength is remarkable for Sweden (c.a. 0.70)and much weaker for the Czech Republic (c.a. 3.0).
The article describes the impact, the meaning and the characteristics of the housing estates developed by the real estate companies in Poland after 1989 and presents possible solutions to eliminate the dysfunctions of the inhabited space, which can improve the functionality of inhabited environment. That model of housing is one of the most typical elements of the settlement network in Poland. Unknown under the real socialism when the housing development was based on public and industrial investment and the so-called socialized housing, in the later period supplemented to a greater extent by individual projects. Real estate housing has negative impact on the quality of the urbanized space and the national economy, which results in the creation of a low quality living environment. On the other hand, to some extent they solve the problem of the housing shortage caused by the ine'cient public policy in that field. The study is based on source literature and o'cial statistics on the level of housing production in the analysed period.
The article analyzes the benefits and costs of establishing the Transatlantic Partnership in the field of trade and investment for the United States, the European Union and third countries, in the context of theory of economic integration and WTO regulations. The following factors that increase the strength of the beneficial trade creation effect were analyzed: the place of the United States and the European Union in world trade, the importance of intra-regional trade in total trade, the share of sectors in the integration process, the level of customs duties before integration. The negative impact of TTIP for third countries was also examined. A The TIPP and WTO agreements were compared, particularly the attempts to regulate investor-state disputes in TTIP.
Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Wiesław Jamrożek, Studia z dziejów edukacji kobiet na ziemiach polskich, Agencja Wydawniczo-Poligraficzna „Bajt”, Poznań 2001, ss. 152
Small and medium enterprises (SME) play an important role both in Poland and other countries of the European Union. Their contribution both as a percentage of the total number of enterprises, in general employment and in the production of particular products and gross domestic product confirms their importance for economy.The role of SME in Poland would be greater if the indicator of their activity (which is now below 50%) was higher, and the sustainability of SME’s was improved. Moreover, the crucial condition for enlargement of SME’s importance is the improvement of their investment capacity and increasing expenditure on research and development in this sector. About 50% of entrepreneurs fail to make any investments and do not conduct any research that determine national and international competitiveness. There are many reason for this situation, especially financial limitations, which can be supplemented by state aid. However, there are some restrictions on supporting SME’s by government as a result of the Common European Competition Policy. One of its basic rules is prohibition of state aid that deforms and limits competition, which is a base of economic development. In this situation state aid is allowed only on condition that its implementation does not restrict competition. The size and type, conditions and circumstances of state aid and its duration are precisely stipulated by the regulations.
The transformation of socioeconomic system in Poland started at the end of eighties of the 20th century. Already existing political, social, economic and regional structures in the course of this process had changed. Changes in size and ownership structure of the business entities had been particularly extensive, what resulted in dynamic development of small companies and their significant market growth in the structure of the employed in the national economy from: 7,9% in the year 1988, to 23,8% in 2004. The process of changes in size and the ownership structure of the business entities had taken place upon various intensity of the time and place. The goal of this article is to answer the following questions:. 1. What are the regularities of development and transformation of spatial structure of small companies in the period of transformation in Poland? 2. What are the regularities of transformation of genre structure of small private companies during the transformation period in Poland? 3. What are the factors that influence upon the development of small private companies during the transformation period in Poland?
The paper contains the main definitions concerning the transport infrastructure. It also shows numerous defensive needs of the state, on the basis of which areas of defensive tasks have been determined. The author highlights the assessment of the current conditions of the road infrastructure in Poland - both linear and nodal, as well as of the means of transport. Moreover, the paper describes obstacles to development which exist in road transport infrastructure and the direction of changes whose implementing could lead to increasing the innovativeness and utility of this infrastructure. There is a correlation between the development of infrastructure and the fulfilment of defensive needs – adequate qualitative and quantitative conditions of different elements of road infrastructure make it possible to ensure the proper functioning of the state if a crisis erupts or war breaks out.
The article presents the basic research problems concerning the country’s industrial space transformation processes. Special attention is paid to the changes in the activity of industrial enterprises, which are treated as an element of the varied forms of spatial concentration of industry and industrial space, to the influence of the European integration on the changes in the conditions of industry development, and to the new measures of the industrial activity, crucial in the industrial geography research.
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