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Z dziejów polskiej archeologii. Fałszywe zabytki runicznego pisma słowiańskiego

100%

Szczerba A.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

2015

vol. 24

issue 1(46)

7-44

The purpose of this article is to present the development of studies on the problem of Slavonic runes in the Polish 19th-century archaeology. According to the currently prevailing opinion, the oldest Slavonic writing is glagolica from the 2nd half of the 9th century and that before its introduction old Slavs had not developed any sufficiently advanced and universal system of signs that could be called writing. Despite that, in the 19th century many polish researchers were certain of the existence of Slavonic runes. In the period between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a series of artefacts with this writing appeared. not all of them were fake. except for entirely fabricated specimens (bałwanki prylwickie – Prillwitz idols), we also have: original relics that were incorrectly interpreted (e.g. bronze helmets from Ptuj in Styria; inscription on the baptismal font from St. John’s Church in Toruń). Original archaeological relics that had counterfeit inscriptions and drawings (two stones of quern from Mikorzyn in Wielkopolska province), as well as mistakes made by researchers, who discerned runes where there weren’t any (e.g. two stone lions from the cathedral in Bamberg). The authenticity of Slavonic runes was questioned by some researchers from the beginning, but with the state of knowledge and available means of technology at that time it was difficult to verify it, while political pressure and also patriotism of many scientists resulted in accepting them as authentic. The credibility of that evidence was gradually questioned by more and more scientists, especially after the 1st World War when with gained independence by almost all Slavonic nations there was no political reason anymore to retain these theses on the authenticity of the runes.

Mundus vult decipi. O fałszerstwach i mistyfikacjach w dziejach

51%

Strzelczyk J.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

2023

vol. 30

issue 2

50-67

Among many source-documented old forgeries and mystifications, after a short introduction the author presents three examples, one from the 18th century, two from the 19th century, all directly or indirectly related to Poland, and belonging to the category of mystifications aimed at glorifying the nation by demonstrating its antiquity and/or high culture. The precursor of this tradition was the Scottish author from 18th century James Macpherson with his tales of Ossian, and in the 19th century the most notorious were the supposedly ancient (actually created by Vaclav Hanka) Old Czech manuscripts. Their historical significance or artistry could not be matched by the chronicle of alleged Prokosz, revealed and published in print by Hipolit Kownacki in 1825, attempting to push back the origins of Poland deeply before the version perpetuated for many centuries by the bishop of Krakow Wincenty Kadłubek. The main subject of the essay, in addition to briefly recounting the chronicle’s content, is the scholarly discussion held in the 19th century and resumed in our times by supporters of the theory about the supposedly millennia-long history of Slavs/Poles. In addition, the article discussed the issue of the so-called Prillwitz idols (from Mecklenburg), discovered in the 18th century and considered at the time to be evidence of the religious cult of the Polabian Slavs; and the revealed in the mid-19th century stones from Mikorzyn with supposed runes and figures of Slavic deities.

Spośród wielu udokumentowanych źródłowo dawnych fałszerstw i mistyfikacji, po krótkim wstępie, autor przedstawia trzy przykłady, jeden z XVIII wieku, dwa z XIX wieku, wszystkie bezpośrednio lub pośrednio związane z Polską, należące do kategorii mistyfikacji, mających na celu gloryfikację narodu poprzez wykazanie jego starożytności i/lub wysokiej kultury. Prekursorem tej tradycji był szkocki pisarz z XVIII wieku, James Macpherson, z opowieściami o Osjanie, a w XIX wieku najgłośniejsze były rzekomo starożytne (w rzeczywistości stworzone przez Vaclava Hankę) rękopisy staroczeskie. Ich historycznej doniosłości i artyzmowi nie dorównywała kronika rzekomego Prokosza, ujawniona i wydana drukiem przez Hipolita Kownackiego w 1825 r., próbująca cofnąć początki Polski głęboko przed wersję utrwaloną przed wiekami przez biskupa krakowskiego Wincentego Kadłubka. Głównym tematem artykułu, oprócz krótkiego przypomnienia treści kroniki, jest dyskusja naukowa prowadzona w XIX wieku i wznowiona w naszych czasach przez zwolenników teorii o rzekomo tysiącletniej historii Słowian/Polaków. Ponadto, w artykule omówiono kwestię tzw. idoli prillwickich (z Meklemburgii), odkrytych w XVIII w. i uznawanych wówczas za dowód kultu religijnego Słowian Połabskich; oraz ujawnionych w połowie XIX w. kamieni z Mikorzyna z rzekomymi runami i postaciami bóstw słowiańskich.

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1 Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

1 Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

1 2023

1 2015

1 Strzelczyk J.

1 Szczerba A.

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Z dziejów polskiej archeologii. Fałszywe zabytki runicznego pisma słowiańskiego

Mundus vult decipi. O fałszerstwach i mistyfikacjach w dziejach