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EN
The paper presents a heuristic algorithm scheduling support project portfolios. It uses goal programming method, in order to identify critical resources within the meaning of E. Goldratt Theory of Constraints. Operation of heuristics is shown in a simple example. Its practical effectiveness can only be fully assessed until the computer implementation. It is planned in AIMMS environment.
EN
Knowledge transfer and utilization are prerequisites for changing position at the project management maturity evolution path. A continuous improvement of the practices in collecting and re-usage project knowledge is needed for organizations to be at higher level of proficiency in project management which develops the organization's competitive position in the market of future. Project management performance is based on the knowledge of project team members. Naftanaila (2010) states that "other individuals, either internal or external to the project at hand, can use that knowledge if and only if it is applied and transferred effectively". Efficient knowledge transfer requires not only systems and procedures but also climate for knowledge share. Knowledge transfer between projects enables development of more effective and more sophisticated practices in project management. The results of the survey confirmed that knowledge is managed and utilized to a wider extent among organizations which are more experienced in project management. The immature organizations do not collect the project knowledge in a systematic way. However, managing project knowledge and experiences are still very important activities, no matter if organization is at the lowest or highest level of maturity. As little attention has been paid to how effective project knowledge transfer can help in achieving higher level of maturity in project management, this paper has contributed to the description of the importance of project knowledge transfer and utilization in the manner of improving project management maturity.
EN
In this study, we have presented the results obtained using a new tool developed to solve the problem of finding the optimal trade-off between project duration and cost in the context of resource criticality. The tool we have developed applies principles of tabu search to optimize the process of identifying project activities to be accelerated. Using our project acceleration algorithm on projects previously treated using other approaches, we demonstrated that the tool identifies the same solution or in some cases a better solution and with a shorter calculation time. This work thus proposes a new avenue to explore with more in-depth studies for the improvement of project management.
EN
Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to create a model of public-sector and other-sector projects. Research Design & Methods: An extensive review of literature was performed. The snowball approach was applied for collecting relevant papers. Models of differences between public-sector organisations and other organisations were chosen as the reference models for building a model for project level. Findings: There are differences between managerial processes between public-sector and other-sector projects in all project management areas (integration management, scope management, cost management, schedule management, quality management, hr management, communications management, risk management, procurement management, and stakeholder management). Hence the most adequate model for explaining these differences is the dimensional model. Implications / Recommendations: Project managers will be able to better align their managerial methods to the sector in which project are implemented. For instance, in public-sector projects in the area of HR management motivation should be more focused on non-financial factors. Contribution / Value Added: The proposed model is the first, original, comprehensive model describing the differences between public-sector and other-sector projects.
EN
Two different approaches were implemented to aid the process of selecting the best variant of road construction, namely approach based on the outranking relation and verbal decision analysis. Out of wide range of outranking methods three very well known were applied: ELECTRE Iv, PROMETHEE I and PROMETHEE II. In the case of VDA UniComBOS was used. The results obtained with different methods were not identical, nevertheless it was possible to identify variant worth recommendation, i.e. variant 2 a , which was always on one of two first places in rankings, regardless of the method that was used. On the other hand, variant 5 a was found to be the worst solution - its weakness was confirmed by all methods. The analysis conducted in the article proved that both described approaches can be used for solving the decision-making problems connected with project management. Although both of them have some disadvantages, as for example necessity to interact with decision-maker in order to determine values of parameters in the case of outranking methods and time-consuming as well as tiring comparisons in the case of VDA, they can improve the decision-making processes and help project managers to make more reasonable decisions. As a matter of fact, because of the differences between them, they can complement each other. Therefore it would be practical and beneficial to employ them simultaneously in all cases when it is merely possible and feasible.
EN
Globalization of the financial markets, the increasing competition between organizations and social and technological development encourage the application of new advanced risk assessment methods. New technological achievements help the researchers and practicians to realize the importance of using various analytical approaches in assessing enterprise performance and evaluating the criteria describing the risk of the performed operations, in particular. Most of decision-making specialists and researchers emphasize that the standard methods used in this area do not well agree with human ability of data perception and processing. A possible solution to this problem is the application of verbal analysis decision-making methods, which are scientifically grounded and use the evaluation criteria, based on psychology. It may be stated that risk assessment depends on a number of variables. Striving for objectivity of a decision, which should assess the risk of the considered object from various perspectives, a great number of various types of risk and the criteria describing them should be evaluated. The investment decision with a higher than planned risk level has a strong negative effect on the effectiveness of other decisions and the level of satisfaction of the interested parties. Therefore, the effect of all changes on the final estimate should be accurately evaluated and calculated. The authors of the paper suggest using the evaluation methods based on verbal analysis as the approaches, requiring the minimum amount of quantitative data.
XX
Aim/purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to identify the necessity of distinguishing a particular taxonomic group termed creative projects. Is it a peculiar, distinctive type of projects, or nowadays every project can be denominated ‘creative’? The research aims at comparing the ways of understanding and defining this term in prior literature and in the opinions of practitioners involved in everyday project management and realization. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is divided into main parts corresponding to research objectives: first, the results of literature research is demonstrated briefly, and next the results of empirical research are delineated. The empirical research was conducted with mixed methods. The quantitative part conducted as CAWI was supported by Poll Everywhere platform, the qualitative investigations were supported by MAXQDA software. Findings – According to research results, there exists the inconsistency among the views of researchers, as well as practitioners. As the literature review reveals, there are various stances towards this issue: from silent assumption that the concept does not require to be defined till some analyses of the relations between routine and creative actions. Similar variety was disclosed when analyzing practitioners’ judgments. Research implications/limitations – The divergence in opinions as to the necessity of distinguishing a particular taxon of creative projects as well as the broad variety of opinions as to their specific characteristics have given rise to the call for more precise framing scientific research on creative projects. The research has numerous limitations result-ing from its scope, sampling method or sample size, however, it demonstrates the absence of coherent views and variety of arguments used. Originality/value/contribution – Apart from urging the more rigorous frames of research on creative projects, the paper indicates new avenues of investigations oriented towards determining the ways of assessing the level of project creativity. Moreover, the paper opens the further discussion on the education and training of more creative project managers, as well as on the designing creativity-supporting project environment.
EN
Aim/purpose–The purpose of this paper is to clarify the certification process of the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) competencies based on a comparison with the project management (PM) certification process. This aim was accomplished by model development. Originality/value/contribution –The paper raises research topics at the crossroads of project management, clinical trials, and GCP, topics that have been underdeveloped so far. The results might be significant for all organizations involved in conducting clinical research projects. The findings contribute to the quality of clinical trials and provide public assurance that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected and the clinical trial data are credible. Design/methodology/approach–The study was divided into three main phases: 1st phase –the identification of key characteristics of PM and GCP certification processes, 2nd phase –the development of certification models for PM and GCP, 3rd phase –the conclusions from in-depth interviews. Findings–As a result of the research, key characteristics of PM and GCP certification processes were identified, certification models for PM and GCP were developed. In addition, based on conclusions from in-depth interviews, solutions for organizing the way of confirming knowledge of GCP guidelines were proposed. Research implications/limitations–The proposed rules may be too complex and may exceed the needs and expectations of the clinical trial environment. The models focus on stakeholder relations, without the rules of certification granting procedures, to enable broader contextualization of the issues discussed in the paper. The analysis might be fragmented as it regards the sole certification process. The research refers to Poland only, hence it will be valuable to identify whether foreign authorities have the same attitude to the GCP competency certification model. It is recommended to increase the number of respondents’ interviews to obtain results of higher validity and reliability.
EN
The outline of the paper is as follows: in section 1 the goal of this paper is defined. In section 2, the most complex section of the paper, we present the summary of existing knowledge in this matter by reviewing the literature, critical factors of project's success, contingency theory, project typology, project activities classification. Section 3 explains the applied research methodology, the process of building theory from case study. In section 4 the new approach for the project activities typology is introduced, classification of project activities from the angle of five dimensions. In section 5 the application of the proposed approach in the CC/BM is presented, incorporating five identified activities dimension in the buffer sizing procedure. Section 6 contains some conclusions. The goal of this paper is presenting the typology of projects and proposes a new approach for typology of projects activities to define the impact of this factor on the size of inserted buffers in the Critical Chain Buffer Management Method (Goldratt 1997), solution applied in order to cope with inherent uncertainty associated with many projects. The presented classification was compiled from the analysis of the completed or still executed infrastructure and it projects which are performed as well by Polish public institutions, supported by European Union, and private sector.
EN
This paper presents the outline of the valuation method of development projects in which there are real option situations. The proposed method takes into account the dependence of the project as a result of two independent random economic factors, which are called state variables. Based on binomial trees, and uses multicriteria dynamic programming. Its use should allow not only to make the right decisions about the project, but also to support decision making during its implementation.
EN
Aim/purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand possible methods of identifying churn risk in small and medium-sized start-up companies. Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes the case study of a German IT start-up company and its churn risk identification approach. All presented insights are based on the company’s internal documentation. Additionally, the author conducted online surveys addressing 50 client teams asking them to assess the occurrence probability of the most common risk. The surveys have been conducted every month (August- -November 2017) with 16 middle and upper managers. Findings – Based on the research findings, it has been found out that consideration of customer opinions and estimations is very important to prevent the potential churn and strengthen marketing controlling systems. When a company aims to start tracking potential risks, it is recommendable to focus on small steps and continue adding additional risk factors that need to be tracked. Research implications/limitations – This case study shows that a customized churn risk identification system does not have to be very advanced or sophisticated. The most important aspect of an effective churn risk identification system is its ability to be fully implemented, controlled, and corrected in case of any methodological issues or inconsistencies. However, the core key performance indicators should not be assessed based on the internal input, as self-evaluation approach tends to be very error-prone and subjective. Originality/value/contribution – The research confirms that it is important to introduce risk identification as a holistic process, focusing not only on defining potential risks, but also estimating which risk factors are the most important ones from the strategic point of view. Introducing churn risk KPIs and tracking them on a regular basis contributes to transparency and creativity of strategic and tactical management, enabling managers to identify issues and address them in a proactive manner.
PL
Projekty informatyczne mają specyficzny charakter. Jest to związane z faktem, że rezultat końcowy na etapie koncepcji jest trudny do jednoznacznego określenia, nieustannie podlega zmianie. Uwzględniając obecne rozwiązania wykorzystywane w obszarze zarządzania przedsiębiorstwami projekty te nabierają szczególnego znaczenia. Potwierdzeniem tego jest nieustannie rosnąca liczba projektów IT realizowanych w ostatnich latach w organizacjach. Dzisiaj mówimy o społeczeństwie informacyjnym, o gospodarce opartej na wiedzy, co w sposób bezpośredni przekłada się na opracowywanie i wdrażanie tego typu rozwiązań do organizacji. Projekty informatyczne pozwalają na redukcję kosztów, zwiększenie zysków, a w szczególności otwierają nowe możliwości organizacjom w zakresie ich dalszego rozwoju i bycia konkurencyjnym. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty projektów informatycznych, przedstawienie systemu zarządzania projektami oraz przedstawienie metod wykorzystywanych w zakresie oceny ich efektywności.(fragment tekstu)
EN
Article covers issues of it projects, taking into account the evaluation of their effectiveness. In the article attention is concentrated on the following issues: the essence of it projects, it projects management system of project life cycle and discusses the methods used in the evaluation of their effectiveness. The method presented in the article includes not only their definition but also the extent of their practical application.(original abstract)
PL
Zdolność absorpcyjna stanowi od ponad dwudziestu lat interesujący obszar badań naukowych. Tematyka pracy odnosi koncepcję zdolności absorpcyjnej do sfery zarządzania projektami. W pierwszej części, na podstawie przeglądu literatury, zaprezentowano syntetycznie rozwój koncepcji zdolności absorpcyjnej, jej genezę oraz ewolucję. W kolejnej części pracy zakres badań literaturowych ograniczono do obszaru zarządzania projektami: zidentyfikowano najważniejsze nurty dyskusji dotyczących zdolności absorpcyjnej projektów. W ostatniej części pracy, na podstawie analizy zaprezentowanego materiału, wskazano najważniejsze obszary tematyczne wskazujące na potrzebę kontynuacji badań nad zdolnością absorpcyjną zespołów projektowych.
EN
Since over twenty years the concept of absorptive capacity has been offering an interesting research agenda. This paper relates the absorptive capacity to the field of project management. In the first part of the paper, on the basis of literature review, the origins and development of absorptive capacity concept are demonstrated. In the next part of the paper the scope of literature research is limited to project management: the key streams of discussions about project absorptive capacity are identified. In the last part of the paper, on the basis of gathered and analysed materials, the most important new issues for further research are presented. They indicate the opportunities and needs regarding the continuation of the research on project absorptive capacity.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę identyfikacji sukcesu projektu edukacyjnego oraz jego efektywności z punktu widzenia zarządzania zespołem projektowym w metodykach tradycyjnych oraz zwinnych zarządzania projektem. Na podstawie badań empirycznych wskazano na główne zalety oraz problemy wynikające ze stosowania metodyk zwinnych, które determinują sukces projektu. Zaprezentowano sposób tworzenia zespołu projektowego, zarządzania wewnątrz zespołu oraz sposób komunikacji i zarządzania ryzykiem w projekcie.
EN
The article attempts to identify the success of the educational project and its effectiveness from the point of view of managing the project team in the methodologies of traditional and agile project management. Based on empirical studies pointed out the main advantages and problems arising from the use of agile project management that determine the success of the project. Learn how to create a project team within the management team and the way of communication and risk management in the project.
PL
Wytwarzanie oprogramowania to rynek, który w Polsce jest szacowany na 6 mld złotych. Duża dynamika i rozwój tej grupy projektów informatycznych sprawia, że przedsiębiorstwa szukają rozwiązań pozwalających budować długofalową przewagę konkurencyjną. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza specyfiki projektów wytwarzania oprogramowania w odniesieniu do czynników wpływających na budowę przewagi konkurencyjnej. W pierwszej części omówiono specyfikę projektów wytwarzania oprogramowania. Następnie przedstawiono proces badań empirycznych oraz zaprezentowano uzyskane wyniki. Badania mają charakter pilotażowy i stanowią podstawę do kontynuacji badań nad podjętą problematyką badawczą.
EN
Polish software development market is estimated at 6 billion PLN. This demanding and dynamic sector forces companies to look for solutions that allow building a long-term competitive advantage. The purpose of this article is to analyze the specificity of software development projects in relation to factors affecting the construction of competitive advantage. The first part of the article will discuss the specificity of software development projects. The empirical research process and the presentation of the results are presented in the next part. The results presented in the paper are regarded as pilot research and constitute the foundations for further research on these issues.
PL
Celem opracowania jest prezentacja roli zarządzania wiedzą w projektach unijnych realizowanych w publicznych uczelniach technicznych. Dążąc do realizacji tak postawionego celu, dokonano analizy źródeł literaturowych oraz przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono podstawowe zagadnienia związane z zarządzaniem wiedzą. Druga część tekstu dotyczy roli zarządzania wiedzą w realizacji projektów dofinansowanych ze środków Unii Europejskiej i oparta została na danych pierwotnych zgromadzonych w trakcie przeprowadzonego badania ankietowego. Studia literaturowe oraz wyniki badań własnych potwierdziły istotne znaczenie zarządzania wiedzą w skutecznej realizacji przez publiczne uczelnie techniczne projektów dofinansowanych ze środków unijnych.
EN
The aim of the study is to present the role of knowledge management in EU projects implemented in public technical schools. Aiming at achieving such a goal, literature sources were analysed and surveys carried out. First part of the article presents the basic issues related to knowledge management. Second part of the text concerned the role of knowledge management in implementation of projects co-financed from the European Union funds and was based on primary data collected during the survey. Literature studies and results of own research have confirmed the importance of knowledge management in effective implementation of projects co-financed with EU funds by public technical universities.
PL
Ryzyko pojawia się na każdym etapie procesu inwestycyjnego i decydująco wpływa na efektywność przedsięwzięcia a także na samą organizację. W różnym stopniu może oddziaływać ono na projekt pod względem terminu, jakości wykonania czy nakładów finansowych. Zarządzanie projektami w dzisiejszym coraz bardziej złożonym środowisku biznesowym i informatycznym wymusza na kadrze zarządzającej przyjęcia również odpowiedniej polityki – strategii zarządzania ryzykiem. Wsparciem metodycznym mogą być tutaj międzynarodowe standardy zarządzania ryzykiem, jak: FERMA, ISO 31000, COBIT, PRINCE, PMBOK. I choć powyższe normy nie zapewnią stuprocentowego powodzenia projektu, to w znacznym stopniu pozwalają na ograniczenie jego negatywnych skutków.
EN
The risk appears at every phase of the investment process and definitely influences on the efficiency of the project and the company itself. To varying degrees, it can affect a project in terms of time, quality or financial inputs. Project management, in today's increasingly complex business and IT environment enforces from managers adopt appropriate policies: the risk management strategy. Methodological support may be here for international standards of risk management as: FERMA, ISO 31000, COBIT, PRINCE, PMBOK. And although these standards do not provide one hundred percent success of the project, to a large extent, they may reduce its negative effects.
PL
W artykule omówiono system zarządzania projektami, mający zastosowanie podczas realizacji usług produkcyjnych (produkcji kontraktowej) dla klientów zewnętrznych w firmie z branży IT. Opracowany przez autora system zarządzania projektami znalazł również zastosowanie podczas realizacji nietypowych projektów konstrukcyjnych i produkcyjnych w ramach grupy kapitałowej, do której należy firma. System zarządzania projektami został opracowany w formie umożliwiającej jego przyszłe włączenie do istniejącego oraz rozwijanego w firmie Systemu Zarządzania Jakością, według PN-EN ISO 9001. W artykule omówiono praktykowany wcześniej sposób realizacji zleceń produkcyjnych dla klientów zewnętrznych. Przedstawiono zalety i wady poprzedniego rozwiązania, przeprowadzono krytyczną analizę tego sposobu, wyciągnięto wnioski oraz opracowano wytyczne. Wytyczne te posłużyły do opracowania nowego modelu systemu zarządzania projektami, przedstawionego w artykule.
EN
The article discusses the project management system which can be applied during the implementation of production services (contract manufacturing) for external customers. Project management system, developed by the author was also used during the implementation of customized design and manufacturing projects within the Capital Group (who owns the analyzed company). Project management system has been developed in a form that allows its future incorporation into the Quality Management System (according to ISO 9001), existing in the company. The article discusses how to implement previously practiced production orders for external customers. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the previous solution, conducted a critical analysis of the process, lessons have been learned and developed guidelines. These guidelines were used to develop a new model of project management system, presented in the article.
PL
Celem pracy jest pokazanie uwarunkowań, przebiegu oraz rezultatów transformacji przedsiębiorstwa wynikającej z wprowadzenia nowej metodyki zarządzania projektami. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań własnych w postaci studium przypadku przedsiębiorstwa sektora teleinformatyki wprowadzającego nową zwinną metodykę zarządzania projektami. Jak wykazano w badaniach, zmiana metodyki zarządzania projektami może prowadzić zarówno do zwiększenia szans na sukces dużych i złożonych projektów informatycznych oraz teleinformatycznych, jak i do transformacji całej organizacji, rozumianej jako szereg gruntownych zmian w obszarach technologicznym, metodycznym, procesowym, strategicznym, organizacyjnym i kulturowym, zorientowanych na zwiększenie przewagi konkurencyjnej.
EN
The paper is focused on conditions, process and results of the organizational transformation due to the introduction of new project management methodology. After literature review, the case study of the ICT company implementing new agile project management methodology is presented. As the results show, the change of the project management methodology might affect the project success in large and complex IT and ICT projects. Moreover, it might lead to the organizational transformation in technology, methodology, processes, strategy, organization and organizational culture extending competitive advantage of the organization.
PL
Celem opracowania jest prezentacja roli pełnionej przez jednostki wspierające zarządzanie projektami w uczelniach publicznych. Dążąc do realizacji tak postawionego celu, wykorzystano metody analizy źródeł literaturowych i danych statystycznych udostępnionych w bazie KSI SIMIK 07-13 oraz badanie ankietowe. W artykule przedstawiono projekty unijne jako istotny element kształtowania rozwoju publicznych uczelni technicznych w Polsce. Następnie omówiono w nim główne zadania jednostek wspierających zarządzanie projektami. Zaprezentowano także analizę danych uzyskanych w trakcie badania ankietowego dotyczącego zarządzania projektami unijnymi w publicznych uczelniach technicznych w Polsce. Respondentami byli kierownicy projektów unijnych realizowanych przez publiczne uczelnie techniczne w perspektywie finansowej 2007-2013. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz wskazano na istotną rolę jednostek wspierających zarządzanie projektami w publicznych uczelniach technicznych w Polsce.
EN
The aim of the study is to present the role played by units supporting project management at public universities. In pursuit of this objective, methods of analyzing sources and statistical data provided in the KSI SIMIK 07-13 database and the questionnaire survey have been used. The article presents EU projects as an important element of shaping the development of public technical universities in Poland. Then it discusses the main tasks of individuals supporting project management. The final part of the text presents an analysis of data obtained during the survey on the management of EU projects in public technical universities in Poland. Respondents were managers of EU projects implemented by public technical universities in the financial perspective 2007-2013. As a result of the analyzes, the role of units supporting project management in public technical universities in Poland was pointed out.
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