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PL
Celem prac archeologicznych prowadzonych na lądzie i pod wodą jest zdobycie jak największej ilości informacji na podstawie znalezionych zabytków. Archeologia lądowa i podwodna opiera się na podobnej metodyce badań, ale różni stosowanymi narzędziami, odmiennymi warunkami pracy i środowiska naturalnego ze względu na ograniczone możliwości ludzkiego organizmu nieprzystosowanego do dłuższego przebywania pod wodą bez uszczerbku dla zdrowia, odmienne funkcjonowanie zmysłów ludzkich oraz wyższe koszty prac wykopaliskowych niż na lądzie. Wraki nie pozostają w nienaruszonym stanie, lecz przez cały czas ulegają destrukcji powodowanej czynnikami fizycznymi, chemicznymi i biologicznymi oraz działalnością miejscowej flory i fauny (na małych i średnich głębokościach w większym stopniu niż na dużych), co wymusza jak najszybsze tempo pracy. Obecnie stosowane metody badań podwodnych nie zmieniły się od lat siedemdziesiątych. Wraz z szybszym tempem rozwoju techniki obserwowanym na początku lat osiemdziesiątych i wprowadzeniem do badań nowoczesnych, małych łodzi podwodnych, robotów i systemów lokalizacyjnych wykorzystujących dane satelitarne zwiększyła się liczba prac eksploracyjnych na stanowiskach podmorskich w latach osiemdziesiątych i w pierwszej połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych. Przyszłość archeologii podwodnej związana jest z badaniem dużych i wielkich głębokości oraz rozwojem cybernetyki i informatyki.
EN
The purpose of the archaeological works carried out on land and under water is to maximise the amount of information on the objects which have been recovered. Both land and underwater archeology are based on a similar research methodology, but they differ in the sets of tools used, as well as in working and environmental conditions. It is naturally caused by the limited capacity of the human body, which is not designed for long stay under water without sustaining serious damages to the health and functioning of the different human senses. It also generates higher costs of excavation than on land. Wrecks do not remain intact, but at all times they are subject to destruction caused by physical, chemical and biological factors, as well as by the activity of the local flora and fauna (at small and medium depths the process of destruction is faster than at large ones), which determines a faster pace of work. Currently used methods of underwater exploration have not changed since the seventies. With the rapid pace of technological development observed in the early eighties and the introduction of modern, small submarines, robots and tracking systems utilising satellite data, there was an increase in the number of offshore archeological sites in the eighties and early nineties. The future of underwater archeology is bound with the study of large and great depths and the development of cybernetics and computer science.
Forum Filologiczne Ateneum
|
2019
|
vol. 7
|
issue 1
357-367
PL
Artykuł przedstawia analizę różnych metod przedstawienia (reprezentacji) krajobrazów Prowansji w twórczości Aldousa Huxleya, zarówno w powieściach, takich jak Niewidomy w Gazie czy Czas musi stanąć, jak i w esejach, takich jak „Muzyka nocą”, czy „Drzewo oliwne”. Do analizy zostały użyte narzędzia badawcze opracowane przez naukowców związanych z tak zwanym ‘zwrotem przestrzennym’ (‘spatial turn’), a w szczególności koncepcji ‘krajobrazów polisensorycznych’ (‘polysensory landscapes’), podczas gdy reprezentacje krajobrazów Prowansji są rozpatrywane w kontekście biografii Huxley oraz sytuacji politycznej we Francji, oraz na świecie w latach trzydziestych dwudziestego wieku.
EN
The paper focuses on the analysis of different ways in which Aldous Huxley chose to represent Provençal landscapes in his novels, such as Eyeless in Gaza or Time Must Have a Stop, as well as in his essays, such as “Music at Night” or “The Olive Tree”. The analytical tools which have been developed by scholars of the so called ‘spatial turn’ have been used (particularly the notion of ‘polysensory landscapes’), while Huxley’s representations of Provence are considered in the context of Aldous Huxley’s biography and the political situation in France in particular and in the world in general in the 1930s.
EN
The author discusses Norwid’s connections with Provence in four aspects. The first of them are Provencal motifs in the poet’s biography: his journey to the south of France in 1858, Norwid’s brothers, Ludwik and Ksawery, moving houses to Provence, presentation of Norwid’s etchings at an exhibition in Nîmes in 1865. The second part of the article inscribes the image of Provence shown in Norwid’s works into the context of Mediterranean myths and the culture of northern France on the basis of conclusions drawn from Notes on Mythology and Orbis Album that he had read. In the third part the motif of Marseille proves especially significant, as the ancient Massalia is – which can be seen in Quidam and in the lectures on Juliusz Słowacki – a representation of the space of exile – it became the place to which Norwid’s important protagonists (like St Madeleine) were exiled. In the myth founding the town there is a clash between the idea of freedom and the vision of the world-prison. The fourth part of the article brings an interpretation of the Civilization “legend”, taking into consideration Provence contexts: the idea of putting forward Arles’ and Nîmes’ candidatures for the status of authority centers of the 19th century France.
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EN
The author discusses Norwid’s connections with Provence in four aspects. The first of them are Provencal motifs in the poet’s biography: his journey to the south of France in 1858, Norwid’s brothers, Ludwik and Ksawery, moving houses to Provence, presentation of Norwid’s etchings at an exhibition in Nimes in 1865. The second part of the article inscribes the image of Provence shown in Norwid’s works into the context of Mediterranean myths and the culture of northern France on the basis of conclusions drawn from Notes on Mythology and Orbis Album that he had read. In the third part the motif of Marseille proves especially significant, as the ancient Massalia is – which can be seen in Quidam and in the lectures on Juliusz Słowacki – a representation of the space of exile – it became the place to which Norwid’s important protagonists (like St Madeleine) were exiled. In the myth founding the town there is a clash between the idea of freedom and the vision of the world-prison. The fourth part of the article brings an interpretation of the Civilization “legend”, taking into consideration Provence contexts: the idea of putting forward Arles’ and Nimes’ candidatures for the status of authority centers of the 19th century France.
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