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PL
Konflikt krzyżacko-polski z lat 1454-1466 odcisnął pod każdym względem piętno na państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach. Zmiany dotyczyły metod oraz sposobu zarządzania gospodarką i finansami na terenie okrojonego po drugim pokoju toruńskim państwa krzyżackiego w Prusach. Począwszy od lat 80. XV w., a kończąc na pierwszym dziesięcioleciu kolejnego stulecia, kolejni wielcy mistrzowie próbowali tę sytuację zmienić lub przystosować do potrzeb państwa przekształcającego się w zdecentralizowany twór świecki. Działania wielkich mistrzów miały na celu zreformowanie korporacji poprzez przywrócenie wewnętrznego porządku opartego na Regule Zakonu i wcześniejszym (jak przed wojną trzynastoletnią) ładzie korporacji typu zakonnego. Natomiast działania prowadzone przez dwóch ostatnich wielkich mistrzów zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach były już skierowane na reformy wzmacniające państwo jako twór bardziej terytorialny i feudalny niż korporacyjny. W latach 1480-1500 powstała nowa polityka zakonna zmierzająca do przekształcenia państwa krzyżackiego w Prusach i jego gospodarki z podmiotu korporacyjnego w państwo świeckie.
EN
The Polish-Teutonic conflict in the years 1454–1466 influenced in every way the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Changes were related to methods of management of the economy and finance in the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia that was considerably smaller after the second Peace of Thorn. Starting from the 80s 15th c. and ending with the first decade of the next century, Great Masters tried to change this situation or adapt to the needs of the state which was being transformed into the decentralized and secular one. The actions of the Great Masters led to remodeling the corporation by the restoration of internal order on the basis of the Rules of Teutonic Order and previous corporate governance of the religious type (as the one by The Thirteen Years’ War). However, the activities of the last two Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order in Prussia were focused on the reform and strengthening the state as an entity more territorial and feudal than corporate. In the years 1480–1500, a new policy was introduced which aimed at conversion of the State of the Teutonic Order and its economy from corporate entity in the secular state.
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W części pierwszej nakreślone zostały stosunki polityczne Polski z Państwem Krzyżackim w Prusach od pokoju toruńskiego (1466) do traktatu krakowskiego (1525). W części drugiej przedstawione zostały oceny historyków polskich dotyczące działań i decyzji polskich elit politycznych w początkach XVI wieku w sprawie sekularyzacji państwa zakonnego w Prusach i utworzenia świeckiego lenna Polski w Prusach. Jedni historycy negatywnie ocenili działania króla i jego doradców politycznych w 1525 roku ukazując konsekwencje podjętych decyzji w długiej perspektywie czasowej (usamodzielnienie się Księstwa Pruskiego, powstanie królestwa Prus, udział Prus w rozbiorach Polski w końcu XVIII w.). Pogląd taki formułowali: Michał Bobrzyński, Wacław Sobieski, Ludwik Kolankowski, Władysław Pociecha, Jacek Wijaczka. Bardziej umiarkowane stanowisko w tej kwestii zajmowali Karol Górski i Marian Biskup. Pozytywne dla Polski XVI wieku skutki traktatu krakowskiego 1525 r. dostrzegł już w początkach XIX w. Joachim Lelewel. Po nim zaś – głównie w minionym stuleciu – Bronisław Dembiński, Oskar Halecki, Adam Vetulani, Władysław Konopczyński, Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Andrzej Wyczański, Maria Bogucka.
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first one outlines the Polish political relations with the state of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from the Peace of Thorn (1466) to the Treaty of Cracow (1525), while the second one is the Polish historians’ assessment of action and decisions taken by the Polish political elites in the early 16th c. on the secularization of the Teutonic State in Prussia and turning Prussia into a secular fief of the Polish Kingdom. Some historians have negatively assessed the activities of the King and his advisers in 1525. They pictured the consequences of those decisions in the long-term perspective (i.e. independence of the Duchy of Prussia, creation of the Kingdom of Prussia, participation of Prussia in the partitions of Poland in the late 18th c.). This view was formulated by the following historians: Michał Bobrzyński, Wacław Sobieski, Ludwik Kolankowski, Władysław Pociecha, Jacek Wijaczka. Karol Górski and Marian Biskup presented a more moderate position. Already in 19th c. Joachim Lelewel found positive effects of the Treaty of Cracow (1525) for the Polish Kingdom in 16th c. His view was shared- mainly in the 20th c. – by Bronisław Dembinski, Oskar Halecki, Adam Vetulani, Władyslaw Konopczyński, Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Andrzej Wyczański and Maria Bogucka.
EN
The Polish-Teutonic conflict in the years 1454–1466 influenced in every way the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Changes were related to methods of management of the economy and finance in the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia that was considerably smaller after the second Peace of Thorn. Starting from the 80s 15th c. and ending with the first decade of the next century, Great Masters tried to change this situation or adapt to the needs of the state which was being transformed into the decentralized and secular one. The actions of the Great Masters led to remodeling the corporation by the restoration of internal order on the basis of the Rules of Teutonic Order and previous corporate governance of the religious type (as the one by The Thirteen Years’ War). However, the activities of the last two Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order in Prussia were focused on the reform and strengthening the state as an entity more territorial and feudal than corporate. In the years 1480–1500, a new policy was introduced which aimed at conversion of the State of the Teutonic Order and its economy from corporate entity in the secular state.
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first one outlines the Polish political relations with the state of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from the Peace of Thorn (1466) to the Treaty of Cracow (1525), while the second one is the Polish historians’ assessment of action and decisions taken by the Polish political elites in the early 16th c. on the secularization of the Teutonic State in Prussia and turning Prussia into a secular fief of the Polish Kingdom. Some historians have negatively assessed the activities of the King and his advisers in 1525. They pictured the consequences of those decisions in the long-term perspective (i.e. independence of the Duchy of Prussia, creation of the Kingdom of Prussia, participation of Prussia in the partitions of Poland in the late 18th c.). This view was formulated by the following historians: Michał Bobrzyński, Wacław Sobieski, Ludwik Kolankowski, Władysław Pociecha, Jacek Wijaczka. Karol Górski and Marian Biskup presented a more moderate position. Already in 19th c. Joachim Lelewel found positive effects of the Treaty of Cracow (1525) for the Polish Kingdom in 16th c. His view was shared- mainly in the 20th c. – by Bronisław Dembinski, Oskar Halecki, Adam Vetulani, Władyslaw Konopczyński, Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Andrzej Wyczański and Maria Bogucka.
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