Search results

1

The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004

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Grygiel M., Pikulski J., Trojan M.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2009

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vol. 1

199-275

EN

During exploration of excavation units established till 2004 more than 200 archaeological features were discovered of different chronology. These features very often overlapped one another and formed complex stratigraphic systems. They are related the La Tène and Roman Period and belong to four settlements that are the subject of detailed studies conducted by the authors.

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Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Zagórska-Telega J.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2009

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vol. 1

295-309

EN

In 2004, an expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University conducted the trial researches at cremation cemetery at Prusiek, and then in the years 2005 to 2006 regular rescue excavations. There were discovered 41 objects, including 35 graves and six small pits, presumably post-holes. A majority of burials were urn graves but ash graves have also been recorded. Burials are generally characterized by a relatively wide range of equipment, including weapons, i.a. swords imported from the Roman Empire. Preliminary analysis of inventories acquired so far indicates that the Prusiek necropolis should be dates back to the turn of the Early and Younger Roman Period, another words to the decline of the B2 phase and the phase C1a (with a distinctive within it the B2/C1 horizon). Materials from the cemetery at Prusiek show clear links with the so-called eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture.

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Roman denarii of Tiberius and Caligula discovered in the drainagebasin of the Wisłoka River in southern Poland

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Dymowski A.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2013

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vol. XLVIII

273-284

EN

To date only four roman denarii issued in the period between the coming to power of Tiberius in 14 AD and the monetary reform of Nero in 64 AD are known from Poland, all of them single finds. Three — two Tiberius and one Caligula — were discovered in a small area bordering the river Ropa, the left-hand tributary of the Wisłoka. Presumably these coins had found their way to the area north of the Carpathian range from the south. In seeking to identify possible causes of their influx we need to pinpoint, first, factors related to the functioning and decline of the Kingdom of Vannius, the client state of the Roman Empire, established presumably in the southwestern area of today’s Slovakia and in Moravia. An alternative interpretation is to link the coin finds in question with the impact from Dacian culture on the area to the north of the Carpathians. irrespective of the causes of the coin influx, these coin finds, definitely not typical on the territory of Poland, point to the existence in the drainage basin of the Wisłoka around 50 Ad of some special circumstances that we can hope to see illuminated by the results of future archaeological research in the region.

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Finds of Purse Fastenings from the Iron Age ‘Central Place’ at Gąski-Wierzbiczany in Kuyavia (Central Poland)

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Kontny B., Rudnicki M.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2016

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vol. LI

307-318

EN

Recent discoveries from the Kuyavia region provided a number of finds that change our perception of the continuity of inhabitation in the Kuyavia area after the disappearance of the Przeworsk culture settlement structures related to the Pre-Roman and Roman Periods. The settlement in Kuyavia existed also during the Migration Period at least until the 7th c. The settlement complex in Gąski-Wierzbiczany, from which the belt purse fastenings presented in the following paper came, seems to be of particular importance. The fastenings are dated to the 2 nd half of the 4 th and the beginnings of the 5 th c., i.e., the decline of the Late Roman Period and the onset of the Migration Period. Until recently, they were known from the areas neighbouring the Roman Empire boundary — limes — and from Roman military camps in Rhaetia. Currently, their list significantly extended, and the range of their occurrence expanded and includes the east Germany and Bohemia. At the same time the finds form Kuyavia (most likely made on-the-spot) are among specimens located furthest to the east. It seems that these unique finds of purse fastenings from the south-eastern and eastern peripheries of Europe might be explained through the existence of a cultural centre in Kuyavia that facilitated the propagation of western cultural patterns, in this case related to outfit of warriors

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Oblinie, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie

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Czarnecka K.

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

89-100

EN

A cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Oblin, site 5, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie is located on a small elevation extended on N-S line, by the edge of the flood terrace of the old Vistula riverbed. It is possible that, in the time of use, bogs or floodwaters surrounded the cemetery. The cemetery is completely explored; 308 cremation graves, both pit and urn graves were found there. The earliest graves furnished with brooches type H, short brooches type B and type J can be dated to the phase A2 (Fig. 1–3). Very interesting is lack of the type K brooches, quite common in the other Przeworsk culture cemeteries of that time. Graves from the phase A3 produced vast amount of brooches type M (Fig. 4c). More significant finds from the Pre-Roman Period are swords, in a few cases found with ornamented scabbards (Fig. 5). Brooches type A.68 and A.236, shield grips with profiled rivet plates and shield bosses type J.6 (Fig. 7) and one-edged swords with narrow blade represent phase B1. Graves dated to that phase are not numerous, what suggests that on the cemetery in Oblin phase B1 lasted for relatively short time. Quite common for next phase B2, are iron trumpet-brooches with silver inlaid decoration (Fig. 9), and massive iron brooches of Almgren group V, with a crest. Very odd form presents an S-form brooch with an imitation of ahinged construction (Fig. 8a). Very significant for this cemetery is almost complete lack of bracelets and pendants; beads or melted glass clumps are also very rare. Weapon finds are, on the contrary, quite numerous. Most interesting among them is a an imported Roman sword ornamented with inlaid figure of Mars, and 3 unique barbed spearheads with extra barb on the edge of the socket. The latest finds – brooches of Almgren’s series 1, group V, variant 5 of trumpet brooches and Mazovian variant of Almgren’s group IV are connected with the very end of the phase B2 or perhaps phase B2/C1. Big, rectangular pits, even 2 m long, with very dark grave fill were atypical grave form in the phases A2 and A3. At the bottom often lays a layer of broken fragments of pottery. An urn, often covered with a bowl, or other big vessel, was usually placed in the corner. Pit graves were much more frequent then urn graves in phase B1, however, urn graves dominated in the phase B2. Grave pits are smaller, with brown, or light brown grave fill, sometimes even difficult to distinguish. Brown, coarse urns are much more frequent then black, polished 3-handle urns typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Oblin, especially, from the early Roman Period differ from typical cemeteries of the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture such as Kamieńczyk or Nadkole and are closer to the finds known from the region on the other side of the Vistula river. It seems possible that the settlement of the people using the cemetery at Oblin could be placed on the western bank of the Vistula river.

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Ramy chronologiczne osadnictwa kultury przeworskiej w południowo-wschodniej Polsce

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Kokowski A.

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

109-128

EN

The state of researches on the Pre-Roman and Roman Period settlement in the south east of Poland is highly dissatisfying. More then 80 sites are known from this region (Table I), including 50 settlements, 24 cemeteries and 7 stray finds, however, comparably little number of them were excavated in a larger scale and a great deal of uncovered material still remains unpublished. The sites form three clear chronological groups (Table II). The first group consist of 8 sites from the Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 1), which make 4 settlement zones (Fig. 8). A group of the Jastorf Culture origin occupied the zone I, while material from the zone II is ascribed to the Pomeranian Culture. The zones IIIA and IIIC were settled by the Tarnobrzeg group of the Lusatian Culture, which in the zone IIIC could existed even till the end of the Pre-Roman Period; in the zone IIIA clear influences of the Tyniec group are evidenced there by the finds of Celtic pottery. In the zone IIIB on the uncertain cultural background appeared the Przeworsk Culture in its classic form. The second group form settlements and cemeteries of the Przeworsk Culture, which occupied the entire described area in the early Roman Period (Fig. 2). The earliest certain finds came from the phase B1b, the latest from the phase B2/C1–C1a. In the southern zone of the Przeworsk Culture settlement strong influenced of the Dacian cultures are observed, evidenced by many finds of the pottery showing affinities with, probably, the Lipica Culture. From the southeastern areas of the Przeworsk Culture, from Lublin Upland till the upper Dniester, single weapon graves are known, dated mostly to the phase C1a, but also to the phase C1b. The collapse of the Przeworsk Culture in the south east of Poland was due to the migration of the Gothic tribes, who settled the Hrubieszów Hollow already in the phase B2/C1. The Przeworsk Culture left this region in the beginning of the late Roman Period, most probably by the end of the phase C1a; a group of the Przeworsk Culture could survive longer only in the zone IIIA (Fig. 7). Sites with wheel-made pottery and large storage vessels (so-called Krausengefäße) make the third chronological group, which covers the entire late Roman Period. At that time the zone I was occupied by the Wielbark Culture, which in the phase C2 reached zone II. The Culture of Carpathian Barrows penetrated zone IIIB, while in the zone IIIC appeared materials similar to finds from upper Dniester. The mountain zone was occupied by groups connected with Dacian cultures.

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Sochaczewie, woj. mazowieckie

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Opaszowska K.

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

197-207

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains a striking set of artifacts discovered by chance at Sochaczew, woj. mazowieckie (PMA, IV/9606) in a field known as “Poświętne” (Fig. 1, 2). The set in question includes: 1. A bottom of a bronze vessel, probably a bucket (Fig. 3c). 2. Three fragments of another bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). 3. A damaged bronze trumpet fibula with a support plate (Fig. 3b). 4. A bronze belt buckle in three fragments (Fig. 3a). 5. A bronze knife (Fig. 3g). 6. A bronze mount in the shape of an escutcheon with three rivets (Fig. 3f). 7. A fragment of a bronze wire twisted or folded from two elements, known only from an archival line drawing (Fig. 3e). The set reportedly contained another fibula, which did not survive. According to a spoken communication by the finders the described objects had been found in a vessel made of sheet bronze. Originally they probably were a part of an inventory of an urned grave. The same field “Poświętne also produced 37 fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery (Fig. 5a–i). This supports an earlier information that cremation graves had been dug up on the site suggesting that Poświętne may have harboured a destroyed cemetery. The bronze fibula (Fig. 3b) represents type A.71 and is the principal dating element of the entire assemblage. Stylistic similarity of the fibula from Sochaczew to fibulae of type A.75 helps to date it to phase B1b, possibly, the very beginning of phase B2. The bronze belt buckle (Fig. 3a) corresponds to type AA10 acc. to R. Madyda-Legutko (1987) i.e., forms derived from elongated figure-of-eight buckles which occur in Central European Barbaricum in phase B1. Change of proportions seen in the buckle from Sochaczew as compared to other specimens of its type suggests that it may have a slightly later chronology (beginning of phase B2). Bronze knives similar in form to the specimen from Sochaczew (Fig. 3g) are known primarily from the western part of the Przeworsk Culture and from the area of present day Denmark. They are in evidence through the entire Roman Period, mainly in richly furnished graves. Their presence has been associated with high social and material status of the deceased; it is also possible that knives had a magical or religious function. The vessel, of which only fragments have survived (Fig. 3c), originally probably served as an urn. The diameter of the vessel bottom from Sochaczew indicates that it may have been a bucket or a cauldron; this is also true of fragments of the other bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). An exceptional object is the bronze mount in the form of an escutcheon (Fig. 3f). The only analogy known to the author is a loose find from the settlement at Jakuszowice, Little Poland (Małopolska) (Fig. 4). In case of both specimens there is no full certainty whether they are archaeological or historical finds. Analysis of the chemical composition of metal samples taken from individual items demonstrated that three: the fibula, belt buckle and knife were made of brass, almost identical in composition. The alloy used in the mounts from Sochaczew and Jakuszowice is a so-called lead bronze not used on Przeworsk Culture territory and neighbouring areas. The entire set of objects most of which probably were a part of an inventory of an urned cremation burial may be dated to phase B1b, at the latest the beginning of phase B2. Pottery fragments discovered in the field “Poświętne” (Fig. 5a–i) may be linked with the destroyed Przeworsk Culture cemetery, in use from the Late Pre-Roman Period until the Late Roman Period. Some 300 m to the south of the site numerous fragments of distinct pottery were discovered (Fig. 5j–p) indicating the presence of a settlement contemporary with the cemetery.

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Materiały z cmentarzyska płaskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, woj. wielkopolskie w zbiorach PMA

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Czarnecka K.

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

209-218

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains materials from a cemetery at Łęg Piekarski, Great Poland (Wielkopolska), originating both from chance finds as well as from brief but methodical research conducted in 1936 by Z. Durczewski. Unfortunately, substantial gaps in the documentation, loss of many of the original labels and the fact that grave inventories may have been mixed up when already in storage seriously hinder the reconstruction of the original grave assemblages. Establishing the actual number of graves is additionally made difficult by the fact that a cemetery of the Cloche Grave culture was also found on the same site, as confirmed also by 1975–77 investigation by K. Jażdżewski. In his publication E. Petersen listed - apart from finds originating from a “princely” grave – an Early Roman Period urned grave labelled as no. 1, and only a part of material originating from other cremation graves in storage at the State Archaeological Museum (E. Petersen 1940, 50, 51). Petersen nowhere explains what principles guided his selection of material for publication. At present the State Archaeological Museum collection contains the following materials: 1. Fragments of a Cloche Grave Culture urn defined as belonging to grave 1 (original label); 2. Finds identified as inventory of grave 2 (according to labels copied in the 1970s) include: an urn (Fig. 1a), a bowl (Fig. 1e), a cup (Fig. 1f), a vessel (Fig. 1g), an iron fibula similar to type A.76 (Fig. 1b), an iron single-edged sword (Fig. 2f), a fragment of an iron scabbard (Fig. 2k), an iron spur, so-called Stuhlsporn (Fig. 1d), two iron lance-points (Fig. 2c,d), a fragment of another iron point (Fig. 2e), an iron knife with a bronze hilt plate (Fig. 1c), two fragments of iron shears (Fig. 2b), two fragments of an iron mounting (Fig. 2i,j), two iron rivets (Fig. 2g,h), a frame of a bronze buckle, slightly deformed in fire (Fig. 1h), a fragment of an iron fitting (Fig. 2a) and numerous fragments of considerably damaged iron objects; 3. Grave 3 (original label) is represented only by lumps of melted bronze. The “princely” grave, labelled as grave IIa, contained fragments of a cup (Fig. 5a) and of glossy black vessels (Fig. 5b–e, 6a,b,f,h,i). Several score uncharacteristic pottery fragments, including a Cloche Grave Culture vessel, had been recovered, according to the labels, from ditches 1–4 and 8–10 (Fig. 6c–e,g). Artifacts originating from undetermined finds included two iron scabbard clasps (Fig. 3i, j), iron shears (Fig. 3a), a spike of an iron spur (Fig. 3h), a fragment of a bottom of a bronze vessel, mouth fragment of a bronze vessel (Fig. 3b), a fragment of a sheet bronze hoop (Fig. 3c), fragments of a bronze vessel damaged in fire, two ornamental bronze discs (Fig. 3d,e), two bronze rivets, presumably belonging to the ornamental discs (Fig. 3f), fragment of an iron tendril fibula (Fig. 3g) and a Marcus Aurelius denarius (A. Kietlińska 1957, 282). Moreover, the State Archaeological Museum contains materials from a flat cemetery published by E. Petersen (labels copied in the 1970s). To summarise, it may be said that the site at Łęg Piekarski included a Cloche Grave Culture cemetery and a burial ground of the Przeworsk Culture but the number of graves in the cemetery in question remains virtually unknown. K. Jażdżewski also identified several graves during his investigation of the site (K. Jażdżewski 1978, 128). The material from cremation graves is dated almost without exception to phases B1 and B2 of the Roman Period. This makes them contemporary with “princely” graves. Finds dating from the Pre-Roman Period are not in evidence even among stray finds recovered from trial trenches. This suggests the lack of continuity between the cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture and that of the Przeworsk Culture. The latest material includes a bronze fibula type A.162 dated to phase C1b–C2 and a fragment of an iron tendril fibula, which may be dated generally to the Late Roman Period.

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Niepublikowane materiały z Grodziska, pow. węgrowski, ze zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie

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Kordowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. LXV

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issue 65

236-250

EN

A group of unpublished finds now in keeping of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw was discovered at Grodzisk, Węgrów County, some 80 km east of Warsaw (Fig. 1). It falls into two groups – a pottery assemblage collected in 1937 by Anoni Brzezik, inhabitant of Grodzisk, and finds from a surface survey of site 4 at Grodzisk made in 2009 by Mateusz Bogucki. The artefacts from site 4 fall into two groups. The first group is attributable to Younger Pre-Roman Period and the Roman Period occupation, with individual finds dated to the period lasting form the mature phase A1, possibly, onset of phase A2 until stadium C2b. The second group are artefacts from late 6th and early 7th century associated with the earliest phase of Slav settlement in Mazovia. The assemblage of finds with the earlier dating consists of the following: a copper alloy neckring with cylindrical terminals (Fig. 3:1), an iron brooch with a crest on the head decorated with impressed silver foil (Fig. 3:2), a denarius of Hadrian (RIC 141b) (Fig. 3:3), a copper alloy brooch, type Almgren 168 (Fig. 3:4) and a fragment of a bronze spring from a brooch (Fig. 3:5). Given their chronology these artefacts may be attributed to two culture units recorded in the Liwiec River valley: Przeworsk culture and Wielbark culture. The neckring of a form typical for Jastorf culture would be one more find of this culture recovered in a zone of the earliest phase of Przeworsk culture settlement. The character of finds from site 4 suggests that they originate from a bi-cultural, long-lived cemetery. However, because of its partial investigation it is unclear whether or not the cemetery was used without a break, like many cemeteries known from the eastern zone of the Przeworsk culture. The younger group of artefacts includes a fragment of a copper alloy radiate-headed brooch (Fig. 3:6) with a reduced ornamentation and a fragment of an openwork object, also in copper alloy (Fig. 3:7), possibly a belt mount of a type encountered during the late Migration Period on Balt territory. Chronologically, both these finds may be safely attributed to the earliest period of Slav settlement in eastern Poland, although it is also possible that their presence in our region is the result of exchange with Balt peoples. Another find from site 4 is a blue glass bead, type bisier (Fig. 3:8). The rather broad chronology of these beads precludes a more conclusive dating of this specimen. It is possible nevertheless that it has a connection to the nearby hill-fort (cf. Fig. 1) which has its first phase dated to the 10th century. The other segment of the assemblage from Grodzisk is a group of more than 170 pottery fragments collected in 1937 (Fig. 4). Their exact find-site is unknown – presumably, they were discovered in the garden of the farm of A. Brzezik, which was found within site 43C. The heavily burnt condition of most of these pottery fragments prevented reconstruction of a complete vessel. Where a partial reconstruction was possible the vessels had a form recorded in the Przeworsk culture during phases B2 and B2/C1 (Fig. 4). The preservation of the pottery fragments establishes their provenance from a funerary context. Consequently, we have to assume the presence at Grodzisk of two cemeteries (Przeworsk, or Przeworsk-Wielbark) separated by a small distance (c. 700 m). More finds from the same period have been recovered at Grodzisk. The remains of a Przeworsk culture settlement dated to phases A2–B1) were identified during the investigation of the interior of the early medieval hill-fort. From a farm lying in an area recorded as site 43C adjacent to the former “garden of A. Brzezik” comes a find of a copper alloy brooch, type Almgren 128, and a small quantity of pottery attributed to the Przeworsk culture. This could mean that, similarly as the cemetery in site 44, the cemetery in site 43C was used both by the Przeworsk and the Wielbark people.

10

Gajew, pow. kutnowski – nowe stanowisko kultury przeworskiej w dorzeczu Bzury

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Kowalska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. LXV

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issue 65

222-235

EN

The group of finds under discussion comes from a series of random discoveries made in 2007–2010 on the farmland on the eastern margin of the village Gajew, Kutno County. This locality lies in western Mazovia, c. 1 km west of the Słudwia, left-bank tributary of the Middle Bzura (Fig. 1). The group includes objects made of copper alloy, fragments of pottery and daub. Almost all the artefacts from Gajew can be tied to Przeworsk culture occupation. Their chronological range extends from the end of the Younger Pre-Roman period until the Early Migration Period. One of the earliest finds are a facetted rim sherd from a pottery basin (Fig. 7:37) and a very small fragment of a brooch, type A.2b or A.18b (Fig. 3:1). Most of the finds date from the Early Roman Period, e.g., brooches from groups A.II (Fig. 3:7), A.III (Fig. 3:4–9) and A.IV (Fig. 3:10–15), as well as a profiled strap-end (Fig. 4:24), a fragment of a rod bracelet Fig. 4:27), a dress pin with a biconical head (Fig. 4:29), and possibly, also a denarius of Trajan (Fig. 6). This situation corresponds to the period of the most intensive Przeworsk culture settlement in the Bzura drainage basin. Phase B2/C1 is represented by two brooches, Mazovian variant (Fig. 3:16.17) and a cylinder from a brooch, group A.IV or group A.V (Fig. 4:18). The Late Roman Period is represented by only two fragments of brooches from groups A.VI (Fig. 4:19) and A. VII (Fig. 4:20), as well as a denarius of Septimius Severus (Fig. 5), minted presumably in 193–197. For other finds, i.e. fragments of keys (Fig. 4:32.33), a closer dating is unfeasible. The mostly uncharacteristic fragments of Przeworsk culture pottery recovered at Gajew (Fig. 7:38–42) can be dated only broadly to the Roman Period. The youngest artefact that we can attribute to Przeworsk culture settlement is an oval belt buckle with a thickened frame, type H15 (Fig. 4:25). A find that documents later, “post-Przeworsk” occupation by largely anonymous Germanic groups is a sword scabbard pendant of a form similar to type Hemmingen-Pleidelsheim (Fig. 4:31). It is the first of its kind to be discovered in Poland. Pendants of this form are mostly recorded in the west of Europe, in assemblages from the Early Merovingian Period. Germanic artefacts from the 5th-6th century have been often recorded increasingly often in Central Poland – with, more notably, a larger number discovered recently in Kuyavia. At the current stage of investigation it is too early to say whether the site at Gajew is a settlement or a cemetery. The former interpretation is supported by the marks of distortion caused by high temperatures observed on almost all the metal objects and also on the pottery. Cemeteries of a similarly extended duration are frequent in the Bzura drainage basin, e.g., recorded at Żdżarów, Sochaczew County, at Komorów and at Wólka Łasiecka, both in Skierniewice County. The only doubts are raised by the presence of daub. With no information about the spatial relationship of the pottery and the metal finds discovered at Gajew the relationship of the daub to the rest of the finds is problematic. The origin of the artefacts can only be resolved by making a test excavation. Whatever may be the case, we have gained new important evidence on Przeworsk culture occupation from the previously only poorly investigated Bzura drainage basin.

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Nieznane zabytki okresu wpływów rzymskich z Muzeum Regionalnego im. Hieronima Ławniczaka w Krotoszynie

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Żyto K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2015

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vol. LXVI

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issue 66

332-334

EN

The Regional Museum in Krotoszyn has in its collections four archaeological objects dated to the Roman Period: a copper alloy brooch, type A.166 (Fig. 1:1, two iron spearheads, types XV and XXIII/1 according to Piotr Kaczanowski (Fig. 1:2.3), and an iron knife (Fig. 1:4). The provenance of these artefacts is unknown. They may have been offered to the museum by Dionizy Kosiński PhD, qualified archaeologist and history teacher at the secondary school in Krotoszyn who in late 1960s and early 70s excavated a number of sites in his local area (now Krotoszyn County). This conclusion is supported by the brooch, type A.166, variant Retkinia – brooches of this form cluster in the western part of the Przeworsk Culture territory. Marks of a fire patina observed on the spearheads suggest they were recovered from a grave-field.

12

Nieznane materiały z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Wólce Domaniowskiej, w pow. radomskim

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Czarnecka K.

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2005

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vol. LVII

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issue 57

67-72

EN

Material from the cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Wólka Domaniowska (M. Olędzki 2000) held by the J. Malczewski Museum in Radom includes a number of previously unpublished items: 2 fragments of an iron shield-grip, type J. 6 (Fig. 1a); 2 small damaged iron spearheads with blunted edges (Fig. 1b.c); 7 damaged iron scabbard fittings (Fig. 2d); a bronze rivet from a sword hilt (Fig. 2c), iron buckle, Madyda-Legutko type D1 (Fig. 2a), iron knife, flexed twice (Fig. 2b). Discovered inside a flattened shield-boss (Fig. 1d) the objects most probably belong to grave 66, which produced the rest of the shield-grip (Fig. 3c) as well as a one-edged sword (Fig. 3b). Another previously unpublished item in the Museum collection – iron shears (Fig.3a) – very likely belongs to the same grave inventory. The practice of depositing smaller objects inside shield-bosses is well known across the Przeworsk culture area. Deliberate disfigurement of grave goods, weapons mostly, is also quite common, unlike intentional blunting of spearhead edges, which is recorded at a much smaller number of sites, eg Wymysłowo, distr. Gostyń, grave 85 (S. Jasnosz 1952, fig. 62:1), Domaradzice, distr. Rawicz, grave 44 (B. Kostrzewski 1954, fig. 166:40) and Velatice, grave 4, Moravia (J. Tejral 1977, fig. 10:3). Blunted edges are noted also on a few spearheads from random finds, dated, similarly as grave 66 from Wólka Domaniowska, to phase B1. Evidence of the same custom is seen on spearhead finds from the Late Roman period, from eg Scandinavia and the Przeworsk culture area.

13

Chronologia cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z młodszego i późnego okresu rzymskiego oraz z wczesnej fazy wędrówek ludów w Mokrej na Śląsku

88%

Biborski M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. LXI

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issue 61

137-151

EN

The cemetery at Mokra, district Kłobuck in Silesia, lies on a small wooded elevation. Discovered with the help of a metal detector and penetrated for some years by robbers the site came under excavation in 1995 and was investigated on a regular basis until 2004. Next to 476 funerary features the cemetery contained 3 features interpreted as sites where cremation was performed. Two concentrations of graves were distinguished: northern concentration dominated by burials dated to phase C1, and southern concentration, dated to phases C2–D (Fig. 1). These two zones apparently were divided by a ca. 5–10 m wide strip of empty ground which ran SW-NE. It is likely that the older area of the cemetery had been abandoned and younger graves were established deliberately at a certain distance from it. In the northern area of the cemetery a well-defined western boundary of the graves was detected suggesting the existence of some an at present intangible fencing. The southern burial zone extends along the W-E axis over an area of almost 110 m, with an observable grave concentration at centre. Also in this area there was a well-defined almost linear boundary of the extent of the graves The cemetery at Mokra is distinguished by the diversity of funerary traditions practiced. Among over a hundred urn graves most were without a discernible grave pit and only a small number contained the remains of the cremation pyre. Pit graves were much more numerous, but only a dozen-odd contained also the remains of the pyre. The western outlying area of the southern zone yielded a grooved feature (439), dated to the Migration Period, and a second, destroyed feature, possibly of the same type (M. Biborski 2004b, p. 134, fig. 8; 2006a, p. 129). Also identified in the cemetery were the remains of layered burial similar to features of Dobrodzień type (J. Szydłowski 1964), datable already to phase C2. Basing on the content of grave inventories and findings from planigraphy five chronological phases of utilisation of the cemetery at Mokra were identified. The oldest, phase I graves occupied the central area in the northern concentration. Diagnostic forms of this phase are shield-bosses type J.7a (type 3c acc. to Ilkjær 1993) and bosses with a pseudo-spike, U-shaped shield-grips with indistinct trapeze-shaped rivet-plates type J.9 (Ilkjær type 5a), spear points type XV acc. to Kaczanowski (1995), as well as type A.158 brooches with a stepped catchplate, and group A.VII brooches. Moreover, female graves contained brooches from group V (A.129) and II (A.41). On this basis the chronology of the discussed phase of the cemetery may be defined as phase C1a. Graves with weapons (e.g., grave 56 – fig. 2, 3) correspond to group 5, dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 72). Presumably the oldest phase of utilisation of the cemetery at Mokra partly overlaps with phase I of the cemetery at Opatów, from which it is slightly younger. Forms characteristic for phase II at Mokra are grave inventories with hemispherical shield-bosses (Ilkjær type 5b) and bosses with a knob (Ilkjær type 5bc), grips with short indistinct trapeze-shaped rivet-plates type J.9 (close to type Ilkjær 5c), spear points type XI and XIX, swords type Folkeslunda-Zaspy, variant 2 (M. Biborski 2004c, p. 555; M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006a, p. 193–200, fig. 132, 133) and tendril brooches, similar to type A.158. The grave goods in male burials from phase II may be classified to groups 6 and 7 (7a) of weapon graves (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 72–73, fig. 3; 1994, p. 170) datable to the close of phase C1a and greater part of phase C1b. This phase should be synchronised with phase II of the cemetery at Opatów and dated to the period starting from late 2nd through to mid-3rd century. Graves from this phase, e.g., grave 54 (Fig. 4) and grave 323, are situated in the western area of the northern concentration. Phase III at Mokra is synchronous with phase III of the cemetery at Opatów. Burials from this age clustered in the north-eastern zone of the cemetery as well as on the northern margin of the younger southern concentration, e.g., graves 126c (Fig. 5), 235 and 361 (M. Biborski 2000, p. 101–104, fig. 3; 2001, p. 131, fig. 2, 24). Diagnostic for this phase are hemispherical shield-bosses with concave collar and similar bosses with a wide collar (similar to Ilkjær type 7), shield-grips continue to be represented by type J.9 (similar to Ilkjær type 5c) and younger forms with more thickset lightly expanded rivet-plates (similar to Ilkjær type 5cx), spear points type XX and XXV, swords type Ejsbøl-Sarry (M. Biborski 2004c, p. 559; M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006a, p. 259–271) and brooches similar to type A.166. Grave inventories with this set of weapons resemble group 7 of weapon graves known in Przeworsk Culture dated to the close of phase C1b and to phase C2, without including younger burials which occur within the framework of group 7b, dated to phase C3 (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 74, fig. 4; 1994, p. 170). The next, fourth phase of the cemetery Mokra is less well legible owing to the steady decline in the richness of grave inventories, e.g., there is no evidence of full sets of weapons. In graves from this phase we encounter e.g., shield-bosses type 8ad and 8bd, and shield-grips Ilkjær 5cx and 5e, spear points type XXIII and XXV, younger variants of A.VI tendril brooches, including specimens with metope ornament on the foot, and also buckles type H11 and H13 acc. to Madyda-Legutko (1987). Weapon graves from phase IV at Mokra correspond to the youngest assemblages in group 7b (K. Godłowski 1994, p. 170), and some even to group 8. At the current stage of research we may conclude that graves from phase IV mostly lie in the central younger zone of the southern area of the cemetery, where they cluster over just a few score square metres (e.g., graves 294, 282 and 225 – fig. 6). Phase IV of the gravefield at Mokra may be dated to the close of phase C2 through to phase C3, possibly, including the onset of phase D, i.e., the period from around the beginning of the 4th until just the beginning of the second half of that century. This phase would correspond to phase IV and presumably, also to phase V of the cemetery at Opatów. For graves of the youngest phase V at Mokra characteristic are weapons which correspond to group 8 of weapon graves from the close of the Roman and onset of the Migration Period (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 74; 1994, p. 178, fig. 1). In graves from this phase we encounter e.g., shield-bosses with a pointed spike similar to type Horgos (see e.g., E. Istvánovits, V. Kulcsár 1992, p. 50–51; M. Biborski, P. Kaczanowski 2001, p. 242, fig. 4) and late conical forms with a wide collar close to type Misery (H. W. Böhme 1974, p. 112, 323, pl. 128:6), thickset flattened shield-grips with indistinct rivet-plates, spear points type XXII and XXV, buckles type Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kerch, variant Tanais (A. Koch 1999, p. 171–172, fig. 11), tongue-shaped strap ends type Szczedrzyk, so-called long variants of tendril brooches (K. Godłowski 1970, p. 26), brooches decorated with a stamped ornament similar to Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala style with the foot of a shape resembling brooches type Wiesbaden, and also, buckles type H16 and H25. In this phase belong e.g., graves 371, 398, 401, 439 and finds scattered in the later Dobrodzień type layered feature (Fig. 7) in the younger, southern part of the gravefield, and also, the grooved features in the western area of the cemetery. Phase V at Mokra coincides with phase D1, possibly, partly even with phase D2 (shield-boss type Horgos). This probably corresponds to the period from the final decades of the 4th through to the first decades of the 5th century. This phase corresponds only in part to phase V of the cemetery at Opatów where there is a lack of later chronological diagnostic forms, e.g. finds decorated in Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala style, brooches type Strzegocice, so-called long tendril brooches and weapon forms characteristic for group 8 of graves with weapons from the area of Przeworsk Culture.

14

Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison 2003 – 2004

75%

Przybyła M. J.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2009

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vol. 1

171-198

EN

In the seasons 2003 and 2004 rescue excavations at site no. 3 in Lipnik were carried out. Several features related to multiphase settlement from the Iron Age were revealed. The oldest discovered features are possibly associated with late-stage of the Tarnobrzeg Group. The next phase of the occupation represent remains of two semi-dugouts, which can be dated at the late La Tène Period. These features are the first traces of permanent presence of La Tène Culture communities in the loess plateau of Rzeszów Foothills. Most of the discovered structures can be tied with a large settlement from the Younger and the Late Roman Period. These are remains of both residential and economic structures. Of particular interest is the deep storage pit containing remains of two children, and deposited above burned remains of a man. Similar objects (interpreted as a form of graves) are known from Dacian cultural complex in the Carpathian Basin. Southern relationships are also confirmed by part of the artefacts discovered during research (e.g. the wheel-made amphora).

15

Tyrawa Solna. Salz, Siedlungen und eine Magnetometerprospektion an der Tyrawka in den Salzbergen der Beskiden

75%

Dębiec M., Posselt M., Saile T.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2015

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vol. 67

189-197

EN

The landscapes on both sides of the lower course of the Tyrawka River, a tributary of the San, cannot be regarded as favourable for settlement. Nevertheless, a dense concentration of archaeological sites has been recorded. A reason for this observation might be seen in the local deposits of salt and copper, exploitation of which would have compensated the environmental disadvantages. Magnetometer survey has been conducted on part of a Linienbandkeramik (Linear Pottery Culture) settlement site close to one of the local salt springs

16

OSADNICTWO LUDNOŚCI KULTURY PRZEWORSKIEJ NA RÓWNINACH ZALEWOWYCH W ZACHODNIEJ CZĘŚCI KOTLINY SANDOMIERSKIEJ

75%

Dobrzańska H., Kalicki T.

Archeologia Polski

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2018

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vol. 63

119-143

EN

The authors discuss the use of flood plains in the western part of the Sandomierz Basin by people of the Roman period in a more permanent way than just by occasional penetration. Such use is suggested by the results of recent archaeological research in the Vistula river valley to the east of Kraków and in the alluvial fan of the Raba river. The article characterizes the nature of this settlement in the context of palaeogeographic studies, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of settlement in the flood plains.

17

Funkcje użytkowe niektórych elementów wystroju pasów ludności kultury przeworskiej. Casus kabłączków, zawieszek, skuwek z pierścieniem

75%

Madyda-Legutko R.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2016

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vol. LXVII

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issue 67

65-110

EN

In different areas of the Central European Barbaricum, the Przeworsk Culture territory included, there is evidence in the Early Roman Period of some a certain standardization of belt fittings attributed to the warrior class. This observation applies not only to belt fastenings and strap ends, but also to fittings attached to the perimeter of the belt. They served a decorative function but, presumably, even more so a utilitarian one. Found among them are fittings commonly understood to have served in suspending from the belt objects belonging to the so-called personal equipment of warriors, namely: belt hangers, belt pendants and belt fittings with a pendent ring. A special attention was paid to this type of belt fitting during analysis of warrior belts of Early Roman Period data found in site at Illerup Ådal in Jutland (J. Ilkjær 1993a). Belt hangers known from Przeworsk Culture assemblages come in several variants depending on the shape of the bar and rivet-plates which attached them to the leather strap. Depending on the differences in the shape of the bar three variants may be distinguished: 1. with a bar made of folded wire, approximately W-shaped (Fig. 1; List 1, Fig. 4); 2. with a U-shaped bar (Fig. 2; List 2, Fig. 5); 3. with a frame-like bar (Fig. 3; List 3, Fig. 6). The shape of the rivet-plates is not in a correlation with the shape of the bar. In the Przeworsk Culture territory belt hangers appear in phase B1 of the Early Roman Period (variants 1 and 2). Their largest number, irrespective of their shape, has been recorded in assemblages dated to phase B2b. All three belt hanger variants are documented in the Late Roman Period, chiefly in phase C1a. Elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum analogous belt hangers have been recorded with the same frequency and within the same chronological confines (phase B1–C1a), as in the Przeworsk Culture territory. Metal belt sets of which belt hangers formed part have a similar character both in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture settlement as in other regions of the Central European Barbaricum. Most of them belonged to belts worn by warriors. In the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 7:1) in phase B1, similarly as in the Elbian Circle, in the Bohemian Basin (Fig. 12:1) and in Lower Austria, belt hangers were used on belts fastened with buckles with an eight-shaped frame (group A) and fitted with profiled strap ends. In phase B2 there is an increase in the number of belts provided with belt hangers. Some of these belt sets are reminiscent stylistically to those of the preceding chronological period in that they include profiled strap ends (Fig. 8:1, 10:2). On the other hand, in phases B2b and C1a everywhere in the Central European Barbaricum belts with belt hangers (mostly variants 2 and 3), dissimilar in style design become widespread. These belts tended to be fastened with a buckle having a rectangular frame, mostly of type G16, and were usually fitted with a strap end type 4–6 or 9 (Fig. 7:3, 8:2.3, 9:1 11:1). Belt hangers were used in belts worn by the local elites (Fig. 13:2). In the outfit of the Przeworsk Culture warriors belt hangers (variants 2 and 3) appear also as an element of wide belts which were fastened with a heavy buckle of group G, with a double prong (Fig. 10:1). In phase C1a, in the Przeworsk Culture, we find a very small number of belt hangers forming part of new belt sets which include buckles with a D-shaped frame set on an axis, type D17 (variant 1; Fig. 7:2). Singly belt sets of this type, with belt hangers, variants 2 or 3, have been recorded in the Elbian Circle, the Luboszyce Culture on the one hand, and the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture on the other. From the territory of the Przeworsk Culture settlement we also have a record on belts fitted with belt hangers identified with women’s outfits dating to phase B2b (Fig. 11:2). A very small number of belts with belt hangers attributed to women has been recorded in the Elbian Circle, the Wielbark Culture and the Luboszyce Couture, as well as in south-western Slovakia. Moreover, belt hangers are an element of so-called Sambian belts, typical for women’s outfits in the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture. In the Przeworsk Culture territory belt pendants are much less frequent finds (Fig. 14, 15). They differ both in the proportions of their top part and the shape of their lower part, used for suspending objects, and have been distinguished on this basis into five variants: 1. with the top part passing to a rectangular frame (Fig. 14:1–4; List 4, Fig. 15); 2. with the top part passing to a single loop (Fig. 14:5.6; List 5, Fig. 16); 3. with the top part passing to a double loop (Fig. 14:7–11; List 5, Fig. 16); 4. with the top part passing to D-shaped loop (Fig. 14:12; List 5, Fig. 16); 5.with the top part in the form of a rectangular bar with a D-shaped loop (Fig. 14:13.14; List 5, Fig. 16). In the Przeworsk Culture territory belt pendants as elements of belts are more characteristic for phase C1a than for phase B2b, and are documented also in phase C1b (variants 1 and 2). A small number of earlier belt pendants dating to phases B2a (variant 2) and B2b (variants 1 and 5) originate for the most part from the eastern range of the Przeworsk Culture, whereas younger specimens are known primarily from the western range of that culture. Elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum a small number of belt pendant finds have a similar chronological position as in the Przeworsk Culture. Specimens known at present represent all belt pendant variants known from the Przeworsk Culture, except for variant 4. On the other hand, belt pedants recorded elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum (Fig. 17:1.2) lack analogies in the Przeworsk Culture materials. In the Przeworsk Culture territory, similarly as in other areas of the European Barbaricum, belt pendants were characteristic for belts worn by warriors fastened with buckles with a rectangular frame, group G, mostly type G16 (Fig. 18:1.2), often with strap ends. As in the case of belt hangers in the Przeworsk Culture environment belt pendants were also, on very rare occasions, attached to belts fastened with buckles with a D-shaped frame, group D (Fig.18:3.4). There is no conclusive evidence that belt pendants formed part of the outfit of women of the Przeworsk Culture people. Another form of metal belt fitting serving a function analogous to that of belt hangers and belt pendants are fittings with a single pendent ring. Not that these fittings were necessarily associated functionally with leather straps forming part of clothing, they could also belong to straps used for suspending drinking horns or in strapping swords. The main argument assisting the identification of fittings with a pendent ring as elements of belts is that they have been found in context with other metal elements of the belt set. In the Przeworsk Culture territory two variants of fittings have been set apart: 1. with a narrow fitting and a relatively thickset ring (Fig. 19:1–6; List 6, Fig. 20), 2. with a relatively small body fitting, usually lightly expanded at the top, and a relatively small ring (Fig. 19:7–9; List 6, Fig. 20). Belt fittings variant 1, mostly made of bronze, are recorded during phase B2a in the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture settlement; variant 2 (bronze or iron) are noted during phase B2 and in C1a. Bronze variant 1 fittings found in the Przeworsk Culture territory are a characteristic form used in women’s belts fastened with buckles, group D, type 1, without metal strap ends (Fig. 21:1). On the other hand, variant 2 belt fittings occur mainly in the male outfit, used in belts fastened with a buckle having a rectangular frame, group G (Fig. 10:2), or a D-shaped frame, group D (Fig. 8:1). Outside the Przeworsk Culture territory belt sets with belt fittings with a pendent ring, variants 1 and 2, have been recorded in areas of the Central European Barbaricum and were in use mostly in phases B2 and C1. The source of impulse which led to the emergence in the outfit of warriors of barbarian Europe as early as in phase B1 of belts with fittings which allowed for suspension of objects belonging to the so-called personal equipment is hard to pinpoint. Personal equipment is represented by fire striking sets consisting of a firesteel and a pin, or just one of these items (Fig. 22). In phases B2b and C1a in grave inventories in the Central European Barbaricum are seen to include assorted objects of which some could have been secured at the belt, e.g., knives in leather sheaths, awls, tweezers, whetstones. Some variant 3 belt hangers are very thickset, suggesting that even quite heavy objects may have been suspended from them. It may be conjectured that Przeworsk Culture warriors wore belts with pouches attached to them (Fig. 7:3). As for women’s belts, they may have had keys suspended from them (Fig. 21:1.2). Fire striking tools surviving in the Przeworsk Culture territory and elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum dating to the horizon of phases B2b–C1a were fixed to belt hangers and pendants by means of short linking pieces which could have reduced the functionality of such a set (Fig. 11:1, 22:3–6). Consequently, its funerary purpose may not be ruled out. On the other hand, a very modest number of longer linking pieces has been recorded (Fig. 22:1.2, 23). It is remarkable that some belt hangers and belt pendants recovered in the Central European Barbaricum and dating to phases B2b and C1a include small fittings (Fig. 24:1–4) allowing introduction of narrow and long thongs and only on them suspension of e.g., firemaking tools, obviously making it easier to use them. Moreover, firesteels and tweezers found with a surviving fitting prove that they could have been attached to the belt on narrow straps, or suspended from them using the fittings discussed here (Fig. 8:2, 9:1, 18:1.3). Not to be ruled out either is that use was made of the loop of the firesteels themselves to wear them at the belt suspended on a narrow leather strap (Fig. 25:4.5). In discussing the functionality of belts with objects suspended from them (R. Articus 2004) other reconstructions have been put forward as well (Fig. 25:1–3). The greatest uniformity of belt sets associated with outfit of warriors and suspension from belts of the so-called personal equipment is observed in the Central European Barbaricum in phases B2b–C1a. It may be recognized with some confidence as the result of contacts between groups of warriors hailing from different cultural environment and their mobility. This could be related to settlement and culture shifts observed at this time, intimated also by the modest written sources at hand (K. Godłowski 2000, p. 26–30).

18

Spatha z Konina-Kurowa

75%

Czarnecka K., Gorczyca K., Schellner K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2018

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vol. LXIX

|

issue 69

190-196

EN

An iron sword was found during the deepening of the Warta river bed in the mid-1960s. It was recovered from the river at the level of the former village of Kurów, presently a district of Konin (Fig. 1). The artefact is stored in the District Museum in Konin. The artefact was preserved in a good condition (Fig. 2). Its total length is 87.3 cm (originally 90 cm). The blade is double edged, tapering slightly towards the point. The cross-section is faceted, almost flat near the point. The flats are even. The cut of the edges is flat. The point is short, beveled into a sharp arc. The length of the blade is 78.6 cm; the length of the point is 5.3 cm; the width of the blade at the hilt is 5.3 cm; the width of the blade at the point is 4.3 cm. The blade corresponds to type B.II.1, cross-section type 11 in the classification of M. Biborski (Fig. 3), and the sword itself represents type Ejsbøl-Sarry, subtype 2 (M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006, p. 259–271, fig. 117). Macroscopic observations (Fig. 5, 6) and a X-ray photo (Fig. 4) indicate that the pattern welding technique was used in making the blade. The ratio of the length of the blade to the hilt and the location of the center of gravity indicate that the sword was intended mainly for fighting from horseback. The most numerous finds of swords of the type Ejsbøl-Sarry come from the bog deposits in southern Scandinavia (Illerup and Ejsbøl), but they are also known from the territory of the Przeworsk Culture. Their chronology is quite wide. The earliest specimens found as it happens at the sites of the Przeworsk Culture are dated to the phase C2. The vast majority, however, comes from a later period – phase D. The stray find of the sword from Konin-Kurów should be associated with the Przeworsk Culture and dated generally to the phase C2–D. It is noteworthy that the sword from Konin-Kurów was found in a river. In the case of individual objects found in lakes or rivers, it is difficult to establish unequivocally whether we are dealing with an accidental loss, e.g., during a crossing, or with a sacrificial deposit.

19

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Niemirowie, gmina Mielnik, woj. podlaskie

75%

Rusin K.

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2001

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vol. LIV

|

issue 54

101-108

EN

The site is situated on the northern bank of the river Bug, about 400 m west from the Polish-Belorussian border. It is partly destroyed by a sandpit (Fig. 1). During the rescue excavations in 1984 and 1985 ten cremation graves (eight pit graves and two urn graves) and more then twenty undetermined pits were found here. Some of these pits, with big amount of charcoal located by the graves 4 and 11 (Fig. 4, 5) without any traces of relics of a pyre, could be linked with a cemetery. Grave 4 has a form atypical for the Przeworsk Culture – the urn was placed on the bottom of a shallow pit plastered with stones (Fig. 3). The Niemirów cemetery was used in phases B2b–B2/C1. The oldest find is a brooch similar to the type A.78 found in the grave 8 (Fig. 3). The strongly profiled brooches of the Mazovian variant typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture, dated to the phase B2b–B2/C1a came from graves 4 and 5 (Fig. 3). Grave 9 with a brooch of type A.96 is dated to phase B2/C1. An ornamented lancepoint from destroyed grave 1 (Fig. 2) and a set of weapons from grave 5a, dug into grave 5, probably came from the same time. A chronological analysis indicats that the cemetery in Niemirów belongs to the group of small, shortlasting cemeteries, grounded in the end of the phase B2 on the north-eastern peripheries of the Przeworsk Culture territory. They are linked with an inner migration, maybe evoked by the expansion of the Wielbark Culture.

20

Wschodnie tereny kultury przeworskiej w młodszym okresie przedrzymskim

75%

Dąbrowska T.

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2001

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vol. LIV

|

issue 54

25-36

EN

A stable settlement of the Przeworsk Culture in eastern Poland took place, probably, later than in the western Poland. Long lasting cemeteries were founded in the East not until the end of phase A1 or at the beginning of the phase A2. The Przeworsk Culture existed on the territories partly occupied by people of the Cloche Grave Culture, however an exact date of an end of that culture is still uncertain. At the eastern Mazovia and Podlasie sites of that culture were located at the same area as the late Pre-Roman Przeworsk Culture sites. Graves from the cemeteries in Warszawa–Żerań and at Stare Koczargi may indicate that the Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries, in their latest phase, could be sporadically used by the Przeworsk Culture people for their burials according to the new rite with weapons and personal ornaments. The situation in the Lublin Upland occupied by the Przeworsk Culture to a small extent only and without previous distinct concentration of the Pomeranian Culture is rather unclear. The delay in stable set of the Przeworsk Culture in the eastern Poland was probably due to the presence of a third element – the Jastorf Culture. The most numerous sites, which produced pottery of Jastorf type, are located in the wide belt along the Bug river (Fig. 2). They may be linked with a migration of the Bastarni towards the Black Sea and origin of the Poieneşti--Lukaševka Culture. Other specimens typical for the Jastorf Culture, like clay spoons (Dobryń Mały) and firedogs (Feuerböcke) (Leszczany?, Wytyczno, Tomasze, Haćki), were recently found in the eastern Poland. Finds of that kind are numerous between Wieprz and Bug (Fig. 2). Some of them could be generally dated, based on the finds from closed assemblages with fragments of the Przeworsk Culture vessels, to the phases A1–A2. It is however not possible to distinguish if they were contemporary or earlier comparing with the dense Przeworsk Culture settlement in Mazovia and Podlasie in the phase A2. Graves of the Zarubintsy Culture are known from the region of Polesie Lubelskie. They should however be dated to the phase A3 or even early Roman Period. In my opinion the Przeworsk Culture and the Zarubintsy Culture formed two separated groups without much mutual contacts, and with southern influences coming from quite different regions. Recent results of investigation on the large cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlasie (Kamieńczyk, Oblin, Arbasy) confirmed a little later beginning of the Przeworsk Culture in this region, comparing with the western Poland. A cemetery in Warszawa–Wilanów founded in the phase A1 is an exception, other cemeteries begun in the phase A2, that is in the horizon of brooches type K and later forms of types A and B, and lasted usually to the end of the early Roman Period. Correlation and distribution of the iron brooches type H and K and bronze brooches type G suggest that the beginning of the phase A2 in the Przeworsk culture is indicated by the brooches type K. They occurred till the end of that phase, or even little longer. Brooches of type H could be found in the Przeworsk Culture not before the late phase A2, so later then in the territories of the Jastorf Culture. Brooches type H could be adopted from the Jastorf culture, at the time when the Gubin group ceased to exist and the western reaches of the Przeworsk Culture had been abandoned. From Mazovia and Podlasie only scarce finds of very early types of brooches and weaponry are known, coming from graves of undetermined culture, e.g. a sword from Warszawa–Żerań or a brooch from Stare Koczargi or loose finds like an enormously long lance point from Tuchlin (Fig. 1) and a brooch from Warszawa Dotrzyma (Fig. 3b). All these specimens are made in the style of the phase La Tene C1. These graves could be connected with the earliest settlement of the Przeworsk Culture. Another brooch of an early type was found in a grave, of undetermined culture, from Wólka Zamkowa (Fig. 3c). Similar brooches are known from the graves dated to phase LT B/C1 and the beginning of the phase LT C from the Celtic cemeteries in the Carpathian Basin. A brooch of such type was recently found in Koczów (Fig. 3d). Other Celtic imports such as glass beads, iron bracelets, brooches type Almgren 65, wheel-made pottery and some imitations, glass bracelets (Fig. 4), spurs (Fig. 5) were found in Mazovia and Podlasie. Most interesting group form iron brooches type J and Nauheim brooches – 23 specimens of that kind were found on 9 cemeteries. Such brooches are lacking on the rest of the Przeworsk Culture territory, while they are quite common in the Oksywie Culture sites on the lower Vistula; such distribution may be linked with the depopulation of the western zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Nauheim brooches made of iron are typical for Bohemian Basin and, especially, Moravia. Their finds from areas north of the Carpathian Mts. evidenced the role of the Vistula river as a route in the contacts with the Celtic world. Concluding it seems that the distinct features of the eastern part of the Przeworsk Culture in the late Pre-Roman Period was the fact of its later beginning, strong connections with the Jastorf and the Oksywie Cultures and direct links with the South via Tyniec group, more intensive from the end of the phase A2. Presence of the Jastorf elements in Eastern Poland confirms an expansion from their homeland in Northern Germany and in Jutland Peninsula towards Moldavia and Bessarabia, and strengthens the possibility of the migration of the tribes of Bastarni and Skiri through territories north of the Carpathians.

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The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004

Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

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Ramy chronologiczne osadnictwa kultury przeworskiej w południowo-wschodniej Polsce

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Sochaczewie, woj. mazowieckie

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Nieznane materiały z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Wólce Domaniowskiej, w pow. radomskim

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Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison 2003 – 2004

Tyrawa Solna. Salz, Siedlungen und eine Magnetometerprospektion an der Tyrawka in den Salzbergen der Beskiden

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Spatha z Konina-Kurowa

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