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EN
The aim of this paper is to explore the gendered discourse about women in early New England and how it contributed to shaping the female experience in the patriarchal Puritan society. The gendered discourse identified and assessed the role and position of seventeenth-century colonial American women, who recognized with silent acceptance their subordination to the male authority. Gendered language was used to articulate theories of hierarchy and obedience and thus to rationalize the New England social structure and order. Contemporary texts, which reiterated stereotypes about sexual and gendered behaviors, used social platform to demonstrate prejudiced views on the status of women.
EN
Some scholars believe that the cuisine of New England was bland and austere because of the religion. Although ascetism was crucial for the Puritan communities which settled the region, more important was diligent righteous life, thus fasting was never as important for the Puritans as it was for the Catholics. In fact only gluttony was considered to be sinful. This text will confront the thesis assuming that the New England’s cuisine was bland and will examine religion’s impact on New England’s foodways. The text will describe not only the most typical products and dishes, but also customs connected with cuisine. The Puritans did not have to fast all the time (as some would say). The most obvious evidence of that is consent to revelries and customs connected with Thanksgiving Day. The holiday itself was promoted by the local ministers as an alternative to Christmas which was rather not celebrated and in New England. Preachers would encourage people to feast provided they do not feel too much connection to the worldliness. The text will also focus on products strongly connected to the region. Coastal New England is a region rich in fish and various types of seafood. However despite fishing’s role in the history of the region, occupations such as fishermen were usually held in low regard among the first settlers. The holy day of Sabbath was also important for development of local culinary customs. All the characteristic features of the early cuisine of this region were connected to the religious practices and world views of the settlers. They had also their influence on characteristics of contemporary New England’s cuisine. Thus we can say that New England’s example shows how vast the impact of religion can be and that it can affect every field of life.
EN
The article first presents several theories illustrating John Calvin’s influence on the contemporary theological legacy of his teaching. Four levels of visible influence are then enumerated. These in turn are linked to the development of Reformed orthodoxy, Puritanism, neo-orthodoxy, and liberation theology.
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Dziedzictwo Jana Kalwina

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PL
Artykuł najpierw ukazuje kilka teorii ilustrujących wpływ Jana Kalwina na współczesne społeczeństwo, by następnie skoncentrować się na ściśle teologicznym dziedzictwie jego nauki. Wyliczono sześć płaszczyzn widocznych wpływów. Związane są one z rozwojem kapitalistycznej gospodarki, etyką pracy, procesami demokratycznymi w polityce, purytanizmem, ortodoksją i neo-ortodoksją reformowaną oraz teologią wyzwolenia.
EN
The article depicts, firstly, several theories illustrating the influence of John Calvin on contemporary society, then focuses on the strictly theological legacy of his teaching. Six levels of visible influence are then enumerated. These in turn are connected to the development of the capitalist economy, ethics of work, democratic processes in politics, Puritanism, reformed orthodoxy and neo-orthodoxy as well as to liberation theology.
EN
Article first depicts some theories illustrating the influence of John Calvin on contemporary theological heritage of his teaching. Four levels of visible influence were then enumerated. These in turn arc connected to the development reformed orthodoxy, Puritanism, neoorthodoxy and to liberation theology.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje kilka teorii ilustrujących wpływ Jana Kalwina na teologiczne dziedzictwo jego nauki. Wylicza cztery płaszczyzny widocznych wpływów. Związane są one z rozwojem ortodoksji reformowanej, purytanizmu, neoortodoksji oraz teologii wyzwolenia.
EN
The author’s attention in the present article is focused on the attitude of Puritan colonists in seventeenth century New England towards family issues, as well as its origin, structure and functions in a broader religious and social context. Following the example of colonial authors the study discusses in particular the activities that were associated with religious upbringing and education of children and the relations between family members.
PL
Przedmiotem zainteresowania w artykule jest stosunek siedemnastowiecznych kolonistów purytańskich w Ameryce Północnej do kwestii rodziny, jej pochodzenia, struktury i funkcji pełnionych w szerszym kontekście religijnym i społecznym. Na przykładzie dzieł ówczesnych autorów ukazana została w szczególności jej rola związana z wychowaniem religijnym i edukacją dzieci oraz relacjami między członkami rodziny.
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