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1

Puszcza Białowieska (1979, 1992, 2014)

100%

KRZYŚCIAK-KOSIŃSKA R.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2017

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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

79-82

EN

Białowieża Forest is a large forest complex located on the border between Poland and Belarus. Thanks to several centuries of protection the Forest has survived in its natural state to the present day. This property includes a complex of lowland forests that are characteristic of the Central European mixed forest terrestrial ecoregion. The area has exceptional conservation significance due to the scale of its old growth forests, which include extensive undisturbed areas where natural processes are on-going. The result is a richness in dead wood, both standing and on the ground, and consequently a high diversity of fungi and saproxylic invertebrates. The property protects a diverse and rich wildlife including 59 mammal species, over 250 bird, 13 amphibian, 7 reptile and over 12,000 invertebrate species. The iconic symbol of the property is the European bison. Criteria: (ix), (x) transboundary property (Balarus / Poland) European bison – a species saved from extinction Every year thousands of tourists from all over the world visit the Białowieża forest in order to discover its natural wealth, including the European bison, the largest land mammal in Europe, which still lives there. Amongst the visitors are scientists, lovers of nature, artists, as well as those who want to see with their own eyes the animal, which was rescued from the extinction at the last moment. A thousand years ago, European bison lived throughout the continent. Over the centuries, its habitat shrank so much that in the 15th century the animal lived in just a handful of forests. Ultimately, in the early 20th century, bison could only be encountered in Białowieża Forest. A different, mountain type of the species still lived in the Caucasus Mountains. Before the outbreak of World War I, the Białowieża Forest was home to about 700 of these majestic animals, which were under human care. They were fed in winter and guarded by the relevant services so as not to be killed by poachers. However, the effort of many generations was spoiled during World War I when the bison, which were no longer protected, fell prey to poachers one by one. The last bison living in the wild was killed in 1919. Luckily, there were still specimens that used to live in primeval forests and had been caught and kept in display enclosures and private zoos in Poland, Germany, Sweden and other European countries. Thanks to the initiative of Polish naturalists, the International Society for the Protection of the European Bison was established in 1923 with the aim of saving the species. Only 12 specimens with documented origin and no traces of American bison blood were selected from several dozen animals still living in zoos. However, all the pure-bred lowland bison (without traces of the Caucasian bison’s blood) living today are the descendants of just seven specimens. In 1929, after a 10-year break, the first two specimens were brought to the Białowieża Forest. A breeding reserve was created in Białowieża. It still functions at the Białowieża National Park and has played a tremendous role in preserving the species. After many years of arduous breeding and fighting for every specimen, the population slowly began to grow. The entire process was extremely slow – the first two individuals were only set free in the forest in 1952, and two years later a group of 16 bison was released into the wild. Since that time, the population of bison living on the Polish side of the Forest has increased to about 306 specimens in 2000, 402 in 2006, 473 at the end of 2010 and 596 in 2016. It is the world’s largest population of bison living in the wild. In the eastern part of the Białowieża Forest, on the Belarusian side, their number is nearly as high. In Poland – in breeding enclosures and in the wild – there are slightly more than 1,500 European bison, and 6,083 all over the world. The number of animals making up the species is impressive compared to 1919 and it could seem that the restoration of the European bison is a success story. However, despite the continuous growth of its global population, the animal’s future remains unclear. Animals which are descendants of just a few specimens demonstrate small genetic variability, which makes them, among other things, less resistant to disease. Additionally, the dispersion of the specimens and the almost total isolation of individual herds block a free gene flow that is seen as a prerequisite for the development of a stable and healthy population. Bison are not territorial animals; nevertheless, they require vast spaces and these are less and less available on our continent. Poland has been making every effort to prevent a repetition of the dramatic episodes from the history of the species and to ensure it has a secure future.

2

PUSZCZA BIAŁOWIESKA W LITERATURZE DZIECIĘCEJ PRZEŁOMU XX I XXI WIEKU

100%

Nosek A.

Ars inter Culturas

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2016

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issue 5

255-264

EN

The article presents the motif of the Białowieża Forest in the literature for children at the turn of the 21st century. The writers use the literary topos of the foresthome in their description of this place, they idealize the presented world and point out not only the values of nature but also the axiological and existential ones. Writers build the literary myth of the forest as mother-nature, in which the main place belongs to the bison. The Białowieża Forest has got its own storytellers, who create fabulous stories, full of universal as well as regional and borderland elements. Contemporary works with the motif of the Białowieża Forest in literature for children also helps readers shape a positive and responsible attitude towards nature.

3

Żubry i Puszcza Białowieska we francuskim piśmie popularnonaukowym La Nature

84%

Daszkiewicz P., Samojlik T.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

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2018

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vol. 27

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issue 1(52)

117-123

EN

In 1873, Gaston Tissandier (1843-1899) founded the journal La Nature- Revue des sciences et de leurs applications aux arts et à l’industrie, which for one century was one of the most important scientific popularization magazines in Europe. We analyzed articles from this journal with the subject of European bison and Białowieża Forest. These articles contain interesting information, particularly for the history of biology. They allow to assess the knowledge about European bison during the last years of the existence of populations in Białowieża Forest and in Causasus mountains, as well as at the beginning of bison reintroduction process in 1920s. Despite the journal’s popular science approach, these articles are original and often reference little-known sources. Among the authors we fi nd renowned biologists and scientifi c journalists but also people related to the Tsar’s forest administration. The articles published by La Nature allow to identify and analyze several topics of natural sciences such as interspecific hybridization, acclimatization, «regeneration of the blood», the analogies between the European bison and the American bison. It is also an interesting testimony of the beginning of modern species and habitats conservation. If allows to retrace the epoch’s thoughts about the reasons behind the disappearance of species and design of the reconstruction of European bison population.

4

Napoleon, Białowieża Forest and the Last Bison from Transylvania

84%

Daszkiewicz P., Samojlik T.

Echa Przeszłości

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2014

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vol. 15

67-73

5

Wpływ funduszu leśnego na rozwój sylwanoturystyki w Puszczy Białowieskiej

84%

Jalinik M., Roman M.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2022

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vol. 66

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issue 3

38-49

EN

The Forest Fund was established in order to enable forest management to be carried out by forest districts, where the costs are higher than the revenues generated. Its task is to compensate for financial shortages in deficit forest districts. The State Forests operate on the basis of financial independence and cover the costs from their own revenues. The aim of the study is to analyze the use of funds obtained from the Forest Fund in the Białowieża, Browsk and Hajnówka Forest Districts for the development of sylvan tourism in the Białowieża Forest (PB). The research used the method of a diagnostic survey with the use of a research questionnaire and direct interview, specialist literature and financial and economic reports for the years 2020-2021, „places of power”, forest nature education and other services related to tourist traffic in the area of the studied forest districts.

PL

Fundusz Leśny został utworzony w celu umożliwienia prowadzenia gospodarki leśnej przez nadleśnictwa, w których koszty są wyższe od osiąganych przychodów. Jego zadaniem jest wyrównywanie niedoborów finansowych w nadleśnictwach deficytowych. Lasy Państwowe prowadzą działalność na zasadzie samodzielności finansowej i pokrywają koszty z własnych przychodów. Celem artykułu jest analiza wykorzystania środków pozyskanych z Funduszu Leśnego w nadleśnictwach Białowieża, Browsk i Hajnówka na rozwój sylwanoturystyki w Puszczy Białowieskiej (PB). W badaniach użyto metody sondażu diagnostycznego z wykorzystaniem ankiety badawczej i wywiadu bezpośredniego, literatury specjalistycznej oraz sprawozdań finansowo-gospodarczych za lata 2020-2021. Badane nadleśnictwa przeznaczyły najwięcej środków na budowę ścieżek pieszych i rowerowych, wykonanie tablic promujących PB, remont dróg dojazdowych do ,,miejsc mocy”, edukację przyrodniczo-leśną oraz inne usługi związane z ruchem turystycznym na obszarze badanych nadleśnictw.

6

Osada kultury ceramiki kreskowanej z produkcją żelaza na Polanie Berezowo w Puszczy Białowieskiej

84%

Olczak H., Krasnodębski D., Samojlik T., Jędrzejewska B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2018

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vol. LXIX

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issue 69

149-175

EN

The archaeological sites Leśnictwo Podcerkiew 1, 2 and 3 are located in NE Poland, in the southern part of the Białowieża Forest. They are situated within the Białowieża Forest District (departments 544D, 545C, 577B and 578A), in the area of the so-called Berezowo Clearing and its neighborhood (Fig. 1, 2). Archaeological excavations were conducted in 2004–2005 by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw in cooperation with the Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Białowieża. In total, an area of 68 m2 was explored. Sites 1 and 2 were explored in five designated areas (nos. 1–5) covering the central and northern parts of the clearing and a modern charcoal kiln at its periphery (Fig. 3). Remnants of a large settlement with traces of iron production were discovered there. Most of the surface was covered by a layer of arable soil up to 0.3 m thick, and an underlaying brown and fuscous cultural layer measuring 0.1 to 0.35 m in thickness (Fig. 4:b.c, 5:b–d, 6:c). The excavations unearthed several pits and putative postholes (Fig. 4, 5), as well as remains of three shaft furnaces used for iron smelting (Fig. 6:a.b, 12–14). One of the most interesting features is the large pit 12. In the examined part it measured about 1.75×1.35 m and was about 1.55 m deep. It was probably used as a storage pit (Fig. 5:a–c, 10). Several small potsherds, single flints and a few fragments of daub, slags and bones were found in its fill. The remains of iron smelters found in the northern part of the settlement were shaped as circular or slightly oval pits with cylindrical cross-sections, measured about 0.4–0.5 m in diameter, and were 0.2–0.3 m deep (Fig. 6:a.b, 12–14). The remains of clay lining on the walls of the slag-pits were preserved in two of them (features 65 and 67). Based on the size of their slag-pits (approx. 0.25 and 0.30 m in diameter), these features belong to the category of small furnaces, similar to the type Kunów from the Center of Metallurgy in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (K. Bielenin 1973, table 9 and p. 73; 1992, p. 75–77). During the excavations, 308 fragments of prehistoric pottery, obtained mainly from the arable and cultural layers, were found at the settlement (Table 1, Fig. 7, 11). Most of the assemblage consists of small and eroded body sherds, usually no more than 5 cm long. Vessels were made of ferruginous clay tempered with crushed stone and usually fired in oxidizing atmosphere. Various types of finish have been observed on the surface of the walls (Table 1): smoothing (44.5% of the sherds), hatching (25.6%), roughening (15.9%) and burnishing (14.0%). In addition to pot fragments, the assemblage also contains fragments of tableware with burnished surfaces. Most of the vessels were not decorated, and ornamentation was found on a few sherds only (Fig, 11:8.11). The remaining artefacts include a fragment of an iron knife from the cultural layer with a preserved length of approx. 8 cm and a partial tang (Fig. 9:1), and an object made of a bovine bone (Fig. 9:3). A fragment of a cylindrical spindle whorl with a diameter of approx. 3 cm was found on the surface of the site (Fig. 9:2). In addition, 19 flint artefacts dating from the end of the Late Paleolithic or Mesolithic period to the Early Iron Age (Fig. 8) were found during the excavations. During the excavations, several hundred fragments of reducing slags, a by-product of iron smelting, as well as slagged parts of furnace shafts were collected. Most of them were found in the fills of the slag-pits of furnaces 65 and 67. Chemical composition was analyzed for 38 samples (Table 2). Based on the contents of iron trioxide and silica, fayalite slags with icicle structure, so called “gromps” (splinters, flakes), and slagged fragments of furnace walls were identified. A botanical analysis was conducted on 46 charcoal samples (Table 3). Taxonomic identification showed the presence of charcoal from seven tree species, with a clear dominance of pine, both among samples taken from furnaces (67%) as well as from other features and the cultural layer (56%). A radiocarbon dating of three charcoal samples taken from the remains of bloomeries 62 (Poz-13154) and 67 (Poz-13156), and the sterile soil near feature 67 (Poz-13157) was conducted (Fig. 15). The dating of the pine charcoal from furnace 67 yielded a result of 1970±30 BP. The actual age of the sample is in the range of 50 BC–90 AD (with a probability of 95.4%) and 1–70 AD (with a probability of 68.2%). The charcoal of an unspecified species from feature 62 provided the date of 2280±35 BP, with bimodal probability distribution, which allows, which allows to include the real age of the sample in the years 410–340 BC or 310–200 BC (with a probability of 95.4%), and 400–350 BC or 290–230 BC (with a probability of 68.2%). The characteristic features of the archaeological material, mainly the different types of finish on the surface of the ceramic vessels, allow for associating the discovered artefacts with a local group of the Hatched Pottery Culture. The occupation of the settlements at the sites Leśnictwo Podcerkiew 1 and 2 can be limited to the 4th/3rd century BC –1st century AD. The few bone fragments found in the cultural layer show that in addition to iron production and hunting (deer bones), the inhabitants of the settlement also engaged in animal husbandry (bones of cattle and sheep/goat). Combining the results of archaeological and paleoecological research shows that the settlement of the local group of the Hatched Pottery Culture in the Białowieża Forest was dispersed. The population employed fire for deforestation of areas used for settlement and farming. Other occupations included hunting and animal husbandry, while bog ore deposits were used to produce iron in small slag-pit bloomeries. In 2005, a preliminary investigation took place in the area located about 200 m west of the Berezowo Clearing (site Leśnictwo Podcerkiew 3), where two designated areas were excavated (nos. 6 and 7, see Fig. 3). A brown cultural layer about 0.2 m thick as well as two putative postholes (Fig. 16) were found under the humus. 27 fragments of vessels dating to the Early Iron Age – Roman Period (Table 1, Fig. 17) and a stone tool (Fig. 18) were collected. The small scope of research does not allow to determine the cultural association of the remnants of the settlement discovered at this site, but it is very likely that it is contemporaneous with the settlement at the Berezowo Clearing.

7

Ochrona przyrody i gospodarka leśna w Puszczy Białowieskiej : Brak kompleksowej strategii działania

67%

Krzywicka A.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2020

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vol. 65

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issue 5 (394)

33-44

EN

The Białowieska Forest is one of Poland’s ten UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, which protect unique nature and cultural values of the area. In 2008, the Polish part of the Białowieska Forest was covered with the Natura 2000 PLC200004 protection. Therefore, it is a unique area, where forest management calls for special care and respecting of regulations on nature protection. However, as a result of the decisions on increased felling of trees, justified with the intention to reduce massive attacks of the European spruce bark beetle, on 20th July 2017 the European Commission filed a complaint to the EU Court of Justice claiming Poland had failed to meet the requ irements stemming from the Bird Directive and the Habitats Directive. On 17th April 2018, the Court of Justice confirmed the stance of the Commission. As a result, from July 2018 to January 2019, the Supreme Audit Office of Poland conducted the audit to check whether forest management in the Białowieska Forest was compliant with the law, including nature protection requirements.

PL

Białowieski Park Narodowy należy do światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO od 1979 r. W 1992 r. jego obszar powiększono o białoruską część Puszczy Białowieskiej, a w 2014 r. ponownie go poszerzono. Obecnie obejmuje cały jej teren po obu stronach granicy o powierzchni 141 885 ha. Obowiązkiem Polski jako strony Konwencji UNESCO z 1972 r. dotyczącej Światowego Dziedzictwa Kulturalnego i Naturalnego jest ochrona Puszczy przed zniszczeniem i zachowanie jej w niezmienionej postaci dla przyszłych pokoleń. Z ustaleń kontroli NIK wynika jednak, że w latach 2008–2018 nie opracowano opartej na merytorycznych podstawach strategii prowadzenia gospodarki leśnej w Puszczy, która służyłaby jej ochronie. Prowadzenie cięć w drzewostanach zagrożonych obecnością kornika drukarza nie zawsze było zaś poprzedzone wnikliwą oceną ich wpływu na siedliska i gatunki chronione.

8

Stawka większa niż las

67%

Szaj P.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

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2020

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vol. 8

342-355

EN

More than forest at stake [Book review – “O jeden las za daleko. Demokracja, kapitalizm i nieposłuszeństwo ekologiczne w Polsce” (A forest too far: democracy, capitalism and ecological disobedience in Poland), red. Przemysław Czapliński, Joanna B. Bednarek, Dawid Gostyński, Książka i Prasa, Warszawa 2019, ss. 365]

PL

Stawka większa niż las [Recenzja książki: „O jeden las za daleko. Demokracja, kapitalizm i nieposłuszeństwo ekologiczne w Polsce”, red. Przemysław Czapliński, Joanna B. Bednarek, Dawid Gostyński, Książka i Prasa, Warszawa 2019, ss. 365]

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1 Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

1 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

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1 Krasnodębski D.

1 Krzywicka A.

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1 Roman M.

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