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THE PROBLEM OF QUALIFICATION OF COMPUTER FRAUDS WITH THE USE OF CREDIT CARDS

100%
Wojciechowska J.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2006
|
issue 4(170)
141-149
EN
This paper addresses the issue of qualification of computer frauds with the use of credit cards. The development of credit cards market in Poland started in 1993. It has not left the criminal world uninterested. The Polish penal law looks rather good when referring to the prosecution and punishing of the perpetrators of these offences. The Polish Penal Code sets forth such offences like e.g. fraud (Art. 286), computer fraud (Art. 287), theft of a card entitling to withdrawn money from an automatic cash dispenser (Art. 278 § 5) falsification of documents (art. 270), capital fraud (Art. 297). The Act on Electronic Means of payment, dated 12 September 2002 aims at protecting owners of payment cards. It should also contribute to increasing the safety of payment cards trade as well as to strengthening customers' trust towards the modern means of payment.
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CONCEPTUALIZING LOW-SKILL: A NEW APPROACH

88%
Kureková L., Haita C., Beblavý M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2013
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vol. 45
|
issue 3
247 – 266
EN
This study reviews conceptual and empirical literature studying low-skilled and proposes more comprehensive and dynamic conceptualization of low-skill. Our work is based on analysing the sources of being and of becoming low-skilled by reviewing structural processes underlying changes in labour markets and their varied impact on the individuals of the different characteristics. We suggest a broader conceptualization of low-skill which surpasses the dominant qualification-based approach and measurement of low-skill by the attained level of education. In addition to the typically included low-educated, our typology includes categories of workers who might be formally well-educated, experienced and trained but have been drawn into low-skill as an outcome of structural forces or institutional barriers. A broader conceptualization and measurement of low-skill can better reveal the variety of its causes and in turn allow designing better suited policies for the economic and social integration.
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