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EN
The paper deals with research focusing on the level of selected and anticipated performance using self-assessment specified by the Framework Educational Programme for primary education in the field entitled “Human Being and Its World”and “Czech Language and Literature”. The level of performance using self-assessment was monitored in a group of 5th grade elementary school pupils undertaking the „Základní škola“ educational programme, in a group of 5th grade primary school children undertaking „Step by Step“ (alternative) educational programme and in a group of parents. A questionnaire built on the principle of interval scales was used as the research instrument. The level of anticipated performances using self-assessment was compared between individual groups using nonparametric methods of statistical data analysis. The findings show a very similar level of anticipated performance using self-assessment in children undertaking both educational programmes. Children undertaking the „Základní škola“ educational programme in the area of literary education educational programme show a significantly higher level of assessment of their performance. Similar trends have been found in the group of parents of both the compared groups of children in the level of assessment of the anticipated performance in the monitored areas.
EN
The paper aims at presenting the philosophy of pragmatism as an epistemological framework for mixed methods research. The author starts with brief characteristics of this relatively recent approach to research in the social sciences and uses Morgan’s clarification of the genesis of „metaphysical“ paradigm for qualitative research as a platform for analysing the main reasons why mixed methods research has been strongly criticized and refused. Then she shifts her attention to classical pragmatists – W. James, J. Dewey and Ch. S. Pierce, and makes an attempt to show mixed methods research as a legitimate approach to research in the social sciences having equally important status as quantitative or qualitative research. In order to prove her point, the author gives a detailed analysis of the pragmatists’ theory of inquiry, their understanding of truth, experience and other philosophical categories. She concludes that mixed methods research has great potential to solve research questions whose solution proves impossible for rigid advocates of either of the two currently dominant approaches.
PL
Głównym celem badania było zrozumienie postrzegania jakości życia przez osoby starsze. Badanie miało charakter pilotażowy, zostało przeprowadzonych 8 indywidualnych wywiadów pogłębionych oraz zogniskowany wywiad grupowy. Badanie zostało podzielone na 4 bloki tematyczne: jakość życia, sieć kontaktów, zdrowie oraz wsparcie. Dla respondentów wspólne jest identyfikowanie stanu zdrowia oraz sytuacji materialnej jako głównych determinant jakości życia. Pomimo problemów materialnych i zdrowotnych, z jakimi borykają się osoby starsze, badani starają się być samowystarczalni. Mają pozytywne nastawienie do życia, dążą do tego, by aktywnie wpływać na jego jakość. Badając sieć kontaktów seniorów skupiono się na relacjach z rodziną oraz znajomymi. Badani wskazywali na odmienność tych dwóch typów kontaktów, jednakże traktowali je częściej jako komplementarne wobec siebie niż jako substytuty. W przeprowadzonych wywiadach pojawił się również problem samotności. Dotyczył on w szczególności starszych seniorów, których rówieśnicy umierali i w efekcie sieć kontaktów badanego ulegała skurczeniu. Niemal wszyscy badani podkreślali samodzielne funkcjonowanie i niezależność jako kluczowe elementy definicji zdrowia. Przebadani seniorzy zgodnie wskazywali na ruch oraz dietę jako dwa główne czynniki wpływające na zdrowie. Dodatkowo wymieniano uwarunkowania genetyczne, zaniedbania leczenia w przeszłości, a także dostęp do lekarza. Badane osoby najczęściej potrzebowały pomocy przy sprzątaniu i załatwianiu bieżących spraw, a wsparcie było udzielane zwykle przez rodzinę oraz rzadziej przez opiekunki i znajomych. Proszenie o pomoc było dla badanych trudne, dlatego starali się być samowystarczalni, a o pomoc prosili tylko wtedy, gdy było to niezbędne. Respondenci chętnie opiekowali się wnukami. Ponadto, w miarę możliwości wspierali finansowo swoje dzieci oraz udzielali pomocy sąsiedzkiej przy drobnych pracach.
EN
The main goal of the research was to understand the perception of the quality of life by the elderly. The research followed a qualitative approach. There were 8 individual In-depth interviews and a Focus group interview conducted. The study was split into 4 thematic blocks: quality of life, social and family networks, health and support. The respondents identified health status and financial situation as the main quality of life determinants. Despite the financial and health problems that the older people are facing, the respondents are trying to be self-sufficient. They have positive attitude towards life and strive to actively exert influence on its quality. Almost all interviewed people underlined the unassisted living and independence as key elements of the health definition. They almost unanimously pointed at exercise and diet as two main factors affecting health. Additionally, genetic conditioning, past health treatment negligence as well as access to a doctor were mentioned as determinants of their current health status. What’s more, they observed that health deterioration is affecting their relations with family and friends and the way they spend free time. When examining the social and family networks the focus was put on two types of relations: friends and family. The respondents pointed at distinctness of these two types of relations, however they treated them more often as complementary rather than substitutable. In the conducted interviews the problem of loneliness also appeared. It particularly concerned older seniors whose peers had already been dying and, therefore, their network of contacts had been shrinking. The respondents most often required help with cleaning and getting small affairs in order, while the support came mostly from family. The support was also provided by professional caregivers and friends. Asking for help was difficult for the respondents. That is why they tried to be self-sufficient and asked for help only when it was indispensable. The respondents were eager to take care of their grandchildren, they support their children financially and give small neighbor-support.
PL
Artykuł poddaje rozważaniom dwa rodzaje badań czytelnictwa w Polsce: ilościowe, przeprowadzane przez Bibliotekę Narodową, oraz jakościowe, zrealizowane przez pracowników naukowych Wydziału Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego na zlecenie Fundacji Centrum Cyfrowe. Nie są analizowane ich wyniki. Interesujące są metody i cele tych badań w kontekście filozoficznym – w kierunku wybranych metateorii, dzięki którym są możliwe. Podjęto próbę wskazania i krótkiego opisania niektórych paradygmatów nauk społecznych, które stoją za różniącymi się od siebie pod każdym względem projektami badawczymi podejmującymi odmiennie ten sam temat – czytelnictwo.
EN
The article deals with two types of reading research in Poland: quantitative, carried out by the National Library, and qualitative, made by the academic staff of the Faculty of Journalism, Information and Bibliology of the University of Warsaw, commissioned by the Centrum Cyfrowe Foundation. Their results are not analyzed. Interesting are the methods and goals of these research in a philosophical context – in the context of selected metatheses. An attempt is made here to indicate and briefly describe some of the paradigms of social sciences, which stand behind these research projects being different from each other in every aspect, but, however, regarding the same topic – reading.
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