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EN
Abstract VAT rates in Poland changed on January 1st 2011. Because of planned subsequent VAT rate changes (which had been quite rare in Poland), the permanent intertemporal provisions were also introduced. Because of their incompleteness, these provisions violate European Union law and Polish Constitution. The violation concerns tax consequences of long term agreements (existing contracts) concluded before the new rates have been introduced. This paper presents problems caused by mentioned above intertemporal provisions. It presents also legal solutions applied in similar situations in other jurisdictions.
EN
The effective functioning of the economic and trade associations (unions) recently exposed a serious ordeal for stability under the influence of economic crisis and the new security challenges, among which the most dangerous are military conflicts, uncontrolled migration, terrorism and environmental threats, economic and social conflicts. The negative effects of these factors are transformed, first of all, the disintegration tendencies in trade and economic associations, as exemplified by the withdrawal of Great Britain (known as «Brexit») with the European Union. The article sets out the results of the analysis of economic and institutional consequences – economic, investment, financial, political and social – for the economy of the UK and the European Union. Also the organizational, economic and legal priorities for implementation of the necessary procedures for the release of Great Britain from the European Union as a common market are identified.
EN
The basic problems of the heat power complex of the country are designated in article. The model of the multitariff account of thermal energy is offered. The multitariff account is possible only for those users who have counters of thermal energy and hot water. Tariff price control to the thermal energy has a number of advantages, basic of which are: protection of consumers against unreasonable overestimate of the prices for energy; rational use of power resources; alignment of the schedule of daily loading. The method of day and night rates of regulation of pricing is considered. The work is actual, especially for our country at which thermal energy market has not up to the end generated yet.
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