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The theory of rational decisions and social sciences

100%
Meszaros J.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
|
2004
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vol. 22
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issue 4
427-451
EN
In social sciences action theories and the definitions of actions play a central role. Largely simplifying in the later discussion, it is only important to us that the application area of the theory of rational choice is a subset of instrumentally rational action. In our opinion the theory of rational choice is only applicable to the other types of action in an unnatural way and with very strong transpositions. Although we can state that this filed of application is a very narrow segment of human action, the current scientific explanations mainly concern this narrow segment (at least according to most followers of the theory). We would like to underline that the most important property of this theory is that it enables the use of mathematical methods and this way the micro-level foundation of certain social sciences. It is enough to refer here to the triumphal march of economics or the very successful - but largely criticised - application of the theory in sociology.
2
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FROM CENTRE TO PERIPHERY AND BACK AGAIN? THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION AND CHANGES IN ITS POSITION WITHIN SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT IN THE 2nd HALF OF THE 20th C. (Z centra na periferii a zase spatky? Vyvoj sociologie nabozenstvi...)

80%
Nespor Z. R.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2009
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vol. 41
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issue 2
121-148
EN
AAlthough religion once occupied a central position both in sociological theory and in the writings of the 'founding fathers' of sociology, subsequently the subject lost its significance. As a consequence of the widespread acceptance of the secularist paradigm, sociological studies of religion became marginalised as did the branch of sociology promulgated after WWII; religion and the sociology thereof were simply condemned to extinction. However, the worldwide religious revival of the late 20th century changed the situation altogether. Religion and spirituality as well as - albeit to a much lesser degree - the sociologies thereof have become topics of discussion within general sociological thought. The author describes and analyses the development of the sociology of religion in the second half of the 20th century. He maintains that 'behind' the two grand paradigms - i.e. the secularisation and rational choice theories - different approaches exist, impacted by national academic traditions and other factors. Multi-paradigmatical approaches, an emphasis on ethnographical research and adoption of a 'humanistic' perspective form common themes in the contemporary sociology of religion, especially in Europe; the Czech and Slovak sociologies of religion are no exception. Unfortunately, the sociological mainstream still devotes little attention to such developments, while the sociology of religion itself is rather closed to (post-) modern theories, including those dealing with religion. The central position in recent sociological thought is thus occupied by a specific subject - various forms of religion and spirituality - rather than by any special theories, methods or knowledge accumulated by sociologists of religion.
3
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TEORIE RACIONÁLNÍ VOLBY V SOUČASNÉ SOCIOLOGII NÁBOŽENSTVÍ

70%
Lužný D.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2015
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vol. 47
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issue 2
151 – 170
EN
The report focuses on one of the most influential theories that are discussed in contemporary academic studies of religion and sociology of religion. Whilst in European sociology the theory of secularization dominates, in America there is an influence of Rational Choice Theory particularly represented by Rodney Stark, William Bainbridge, Roger Finke and Laurence Iannaccone. Our text lists the basic principles, standpoints and conclusions of Rational Choice Theory in sociology of religion and presents main points of criticism of this approach. The text also mentions several weaknesses of the criticism, particularly the disputable demand to criticize the basic axioms in deductive theory building and the request to see this Rational Choice Theory as a specific approach that can be applied in American environment only. The study sees the Rational Choice Theory as a possible challenge for further thinking and forming of the contemporary sociology of religion.
4
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TEORETICKÉ VÝCHODISKÁ A EMPIRICKÉ POZNATKY O VZŤAHU NEZAMESTNANOSTI A KRIMINALITY A JEHO ŠPECIFIKÁ NA SLOVENSKU

61%
Michálek A.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2015
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vol. 47
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issue 2
171 – 190
EN
The article focuses on a theme that is complex in terms of data, methodology and argumentation. The principal aim is to provide relevant theoretical basis and empirical knowledge about the existence of relationship between unemployment and crime. Other equally important objective is the research and acquisition of knowledge about the above-mentioned relationship in Slovakia while the more detailed analysis of the relationship between unemployment and four selected kinds of crime was given special attention. Based on the knowledge drawn from existing literature and using the Spearman correlation coefficient, dependence between the above-mentioned two phenomena was studied. Regional data of the Crime Statistics in the Slovak Republic for 53 police wards obtained from the Ministry of Interior of the SR and the Regional data about unemployment of the Statistical Office of the SR were used in this analysis. Results of the carried out analysis contradict the hypothesis about any significant correlation between unemployment and the studied kinds of crime. The values of correlation coefficients in all cases pointed to a weak and in one case (violent crime) zero correlation. The results and knowledge about the ambivalent relationship between the studied phenomena indicate that in Slovakia the nature of theft or larceny is driven by greed rather than necessity. From the scientific point of view, the hypothesis about dependence between the studied phenomena that were analysed based on the regional data in Slovakia has not been confirmed. However, further study of the quoted relationships and analysis of longer time intervals and/or inclusion of other kinds of crime is necessary. It is also necessary to interpret the results in the framework of criminological, sociological, economic and other theories. From the point of view of applied sphere it is necessary to identify the common and specific feature and causes in regions that determine the level of crime. Research oriented in this way may provide the necessary information and knowledge for identification of crime determinants in Slovakia.
5

SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ECONOMY IN THEORIES OF TALCOTT PARSONS, NIKLAS LUHMANN AND PIERRE BOURDIEU

61%
Lompart A.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2007
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issue 1(184)
51-73
EN
Research crossing boundaries between sociology and economics result in new subdisciplines. The most significant ones are economic sociology, institutional economics and rational choice theory. Scholars from these areas strive to justify distinctiveness of their approaches, they stress theoretical advantages of economics as a science, while sociology is regarded mainly as a field of empirical research. Contesting such an approach, the authoress focuses on theories of Talcott Parsons, Niklas Luhmann and Pierre Bourdieu as examples of a 'sociological approach' to economic phenomena. .
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