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1
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Geniusz:”dostrzeganie rzeczy niewidzialnych”

100%
Mizińska J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 4(190)
523-533
EN
The paper deals with the phenomenon of the genius. I refer to four literary descriptions of genius as a basis for seeking the features of genius. The most important of them seems to me the “seeing the invisible,” i.e. reading in reality the “codes of transcendence.”
2
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Ontologia fundamentalna Martina Heideggera – rzeczywistość zamknięta w Dasein. Próba interpretacji

100%
Warzyński S.
Filo-Sofija
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2012
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vol. 12
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issue 3(18)
185-201
EN
Martin Heidegger’s fundamental ontology was supposed to divert philosophy towards the absolutely fundamental issue, which in the history of philosophy, unfortunately, as the author claimed, had been neglected. It was an attempt to designate the real foundation, which western metaphysics – while forgetting about being – had never touched. Thus, Heidegger focused on being. He asked about its sense, the way in which it can be described and explained. The answer was to be found in the analysis of some special being – the human being. Only man, who exists in such a way (Heidegger uses the concept of Dasein) that by his very nature refers to being, is “open” to being. This article shows Heidegger’s explanation based on the analysis of man’s being, connecting the existence of reality with human existence, in its essence making the world thoroughly dependent on man, enclosing the world in Dasein. The world ceases to be the whole reality consisting of particular essences existing independently of man. It becomes “the condition”, the way of being. In the first part, the author presents how the fundamental ontology, while placing being at the centre of the discourse and using the phenomenological method, directs the attention to man. When asking about being, it asks about Dasein, about the way of man’s being. Then, the paper presents the existential analytics, the hermeneutics of Dasein, which is crucial from the point of view of Heidegger’s philosophy. The author explains what Heidegger’s existentials are and what it means that man exists as “being-in-the world”, that he exists in a way of “care”. Finally, it is shown that such an understanding of human being, the way in which he cares about the world and understands the world, i.e. designs it, results in enclosing the world in Dasein. The very sense of reality becomes thus the sense of human existence.
3

TRUTH FROM THE PRAGMATIC POINT OF VIEW

100%
Sip R.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2006
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vol. 13
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issue 4
451-480
EN
The paper tries to offer an overall pragmatic perspective on the concepts 'knowledge', 'truth', and 'reality'. The perspective should also pick out the so-called metaphysics of 'true world' and show that the metaphysics is created by a long historical, and that's why unnecessary, tradition. This arbitrary tradition is a reason for popularity of the correspondence theory of truth, in spite of the fact that nobody can explain what 'correspondence' means exactly. The author contrasts this metaphysics with the pragmatic metaphysics of 'un-demarcation of organism and environment'. In the pragmatic terms, one truth is defined as a function of language, and hence as a function of the life.
4

Cassirer's 'Concept of reality'

100%
Parszutowicz P.
Archiwum Historii Filozofii i Mysli Spolecznej (Archives of the History of Philosophy and of Social Thought)
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2006
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vol. 50-51
199-239
EN
The essay 'The concept of Reality' is a part of the first systematic work of Ernst Cassirer, the alumnus of the Marburg school, titled 'Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff. Untersuchungen über Grundfragen der Erkenntniskritik' (1910). It developed certain position concerning the problem of reality, which is representative for this school. This conception, and especially the shift of cognitive perspective, from substantial to functional, contained in it, is crucial as far as the whole later Cassirer's work is concerned and it comes as the foundation for the subsequent theory of symbolic forms.
5

O aksjomatach teorii wielości rzeczywistości Leona Chwistka

100%
Bednarz G.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2019
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vol. 47
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issue 1
23 - 35
EN
The aim of the article is to present and critique the axioms of Leon Chwistek’s theory of plurality of realities. In particular, I analyze the primary notions of the theory and I propose their semantics. I show that some axioms of phenomenalism should have a narrower scope. For other axioms, there is no reason to omit them in the axiomatics of phenomenalism. One axiom of reality of things is unnecessary.
6
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ESSAY ON THE CONCEPT OF ART AND REALITY

100%
Gyenge Z.
ESPES
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2021
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vol. 10
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issue 1
32 – 41
EN
Art shows something of reality as a whole, a reality that exists above or below the directly perceptible world. There is a first reality, or empirical reality, which can be mapped and captured through sense perception and is characterized by immediacy; and then there is a second or imagined reality that unfolds beyond direct empirical and experiential observation. While the animal intellect is attracted to the surface, to mere appearances, the human intellect is drawn to what lies beyond the surface. The ability to imagine is a condition of human intellect, being characterized, in Schopenhauer’s terms, by a power of “seeing in things not what nature has actually formed but what she endeavoured to form, yet did not bring about” (Schopenhauer, 1969, pp. 186-187). For Schopenhauer, this capacity can be fully engaged not by the “ordinary man, that manufactured article of nature” (ibid., p. 187), but by the man of genius. In contrast, John Ruskin holds that the power of art consists precisely in allowing us to regain what can be called the innocence of the eye, in other words, a kind of childlike perception which remains blind to the meaning of perceived things. (Ruskin, 2006, p. 42) This paper seeks a possible answer to the question of how art ties us to reality.
7

Analiza dowodu ontologicznego Jerzego Perzanowskiego

100%
Rygalski A.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2015
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vol. 43
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issue 1
53-60
EN
A critical analysis of Perzanowski’s attempt to develop an ontological argument based on the degree of reality shows that the comprehension axiom needs to be reinforced and that the family of all perfections is logically closed. This means that the P6 axiom is unnecessary. Moreover, the replacement of the reduction axiom by a strengthened instantiation axiom increases the number of degrees of reality and the class of consistent sets of qualities.
8

WHAT IS REAL?

100%
Brons L. L.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2023
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vol. 30
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issue 2
182 – 220
EN
Two of the most fundamental distinctions in metaphysics are (1) that between reality (or things in themselves) and appearances, the R/A distinction, and (2) that between entities that are fundamental (or real, etcetera) and entities that are ontologically or existentially dependent, the F/D distinction. While these appear to be two very different distinctions, in Buddhist metaphysics they are combined, raising questions about how they are related. In this paper I argue that plausible versions of the R/A distinction are essentially a special kind of F/D distinction, and conversely, that many F/D distinctions imply an R/A distinction. Nevertheless, while this does suggest that the F/D distinction is more basic than the R/A distinction, it does not favour a particular understanding of the F/D distinction. There are many kinds of existential or ontological dependence that cannot be meaningfully combined into a single notion, and reality does not force us to accept any specific kind of dependence as more fundamental. Consequently, what we consider to be ‘real’, ‘fundamental’, or ‘really existing’ is not entirely given by reality, but partially up to us.
9
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Literární topos nebo historická realita? (K úloze literárních topoi v historiografii)

100%
Havlikova L.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2008
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vol. 94
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issue 2
317-327
EN
Based on an analysis of the so-called topoi (loci communes) in the Latin milieu (meaning 'pagans sitting on the ground while eating') and Byzantine milieu (meaning 'drinking from the skull-goblet of a defeated enemy'), not all topoi should be regarded a mere literary constant, as the literary scholarship declares with regard to Curtius' definition. It is necessary to distinguish between really constant characteristics of the topos, i.e. a mere literary function ('literary topos') and reality, where the topos firstly records true historical reality and secondly, when this reality is used in a different historical context in order to outline a different, new historical reality, thus being the current time testimony - in both cases, the topos is a historical resource (i.e. 'historical topos').
10

MARIAN VÁROSS O UMELECKEJ FUNKCII

100%
Mistrík E.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 2
164 – 172
EN
The nature of an artwork is one of the basic topics in aesthetics. In Slovak aesthetics authors such as M. Kusý, J. Volek and S. Štúr defined an artwork only through its relation to reality, i.e. as derived from reality. M. Váross tried to define it via category “artistic function.” From 1949 to 1970 he saw the aesthetic function as dominating the creative process in art. In the 1980s he described creative process in art as the highest stage of aesthetic activity. The aesthetic function was not dominating any more, but the artefact was enriched with artistic function. The reason for introducing artistic function was to make the artefact an ontologically independent reality. Similar solutions could be find within the axiological tradition of Slovak aesthetics (B. Brožík, T. Kuklinková, I. Hrušovský), brought to life by M. Váross. Still, M. Váross was the only one, who did not see an artwork as derived from reality, but rather as an autonomous reality. No matter how Europocentric his solution was, it was an original theoretical accomplishment of Slovak aesthetics of that time.
11

ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL CONCERNS ON THE REALITY SHOCK EXPECTATION

88%
Özdemir M., Büyükgöze H.
Studia Psychologica
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2016
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vol. 58
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issue 3
199 – 215
EN
The reality shock is experienced mostly by novice teachers in transitioning to profession when they are confronted with a gap between what they learned during their education and the reality awaiting them within the early years of their career. Similarly, senior students in teaching programs may have occupational concerns proceeding from not having encountered the profession itself yet. Here, we elaborate on the relationship between reality shock expectation and occupational concerns of pre-service teachers. A total of 464 Turkish pre-service teachers participated. We discovered experiencing reality shock expectation prior to professional life to be significantly predicted by appointment, students/communication, and social/economic concerns. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between study major and reality shock expectation of the participants. Overall, we discuss the probable factors triggering reality shock expectation and occupational concerns, and the implications for future research in accordance with a similar literature.
12

Dilema schématu a skutečnosti v sociologické teorii

88%
Balon J.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2008
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vol. 17/30
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issue 3-4
185-199
EN
The idea of conceptual scheme is clearly present in the classical and modern sociological theory. However, contemporary sociological thinking is highly critical of it and in its radical versions this idea is dismissed altogether. This article traces various historically formed insights into the nature of concept formation in sociology and tries to demonstrate that without the attempts at creating a coherent conceptual scheme, sociology would be deprived of any possibility to push through a specifically sociological perspective on the social world. Talcott Parsons' conceptual level of theory is examined in detail and taken as an example of a viable theoretical approach based on the transformation of sociological concepts. The account of the sociological dilemma of scheme and reality is brought together with Donald Davidson's argument against the dogma of scheme and reality. The idea of a conceptual scheme has been discredited in contemporary thinking together with the idea and the project of (grand) general theory of society. It is argued that from the generalizing critique of the idea of general theory it does not follow that sociology does not need sound concepts. If it were so then no sociological knowledge that would not refer only to itself would be possible.
13

Teoria wielości rzeczywistości Leona Chwistka – rys metodologiczny i historyczny

88%
Bednarz G.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2017
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vol. 45
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issue 2
111-128
EN
The aim of my article is to present the methodological and historical foundations of Leon Chwistek’s theory of the plurality realities. In my paper, I do not consider the version of this theory presented in Chwistek’s book The Limits of Science, because in this book the theory in question is considered as an individual system, and not as a purely ontological view. I present and analyze briefly two main interpretations of the aforementioned theory, and also assign to them a number of ideas from Chwistek’s works dealing with manifold realities. I focus mainly on Sense and Reality, the work that introduces the idea of the plurality of realities.
14
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REFLEXION OF EVIL IN ART AND ITS ACCEPTANCE (Reflexia zla v umeni a jeho recepcia)

88%
Paljesek M.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2011
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vol. 59
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issue 2
102-116
EN
The paper deals with the contemporary marginal position of art which thematizes evil and represents drasticness in its various real forms. It starts with exposition how the evil passed into the art and after compendious historic digression shows that image of evil in art of western culture of 20th century would be more real and more palpable. The whole following part is attended to interpretations of selected illustrious artistic works rendering evil, while their analysis is concentrated prior to the measure of reality of the rendered evil; the reactions of recipients depend on. There is also assessed the common denominator of those works - it is unanimous intention to eliminate cruelty all over the world. After the interpretative part, the author highlights on perception of those works. Based on Wolfgang Welsch's essay - AESTHETICS AND ANAESTHETICS - he cautions on social insensibility for the real constituted verity. Effective means for calling forth insensible senses of people is exactly art symbolising real brutality of evil. Following paradox also originates from that: on the one hand this art has ambition to cultivate the world; on the other hand this art is indigestible for recipient. However, reasons why this kind of art does not fulfil its mission more effectually should be searched not only in its shocking nature, but also in its minority position within the world of art. So it seams to be found itself in the vicious circle of incomprehension. In the conclusion of the theme author would like to present the problem of culmination of evil in the world from the psychologist Erich Fromm's point of view. He upholds conviction that malignantly forms of aggression are not inborn for people and that they can be combated by conversion of contemporaneous social-economic conditions into such conditions which will reflect actual necessities and abilities of man. According to Wolfgang Welsch's and Erich Fromm's proposals the author presents the hypothesis whether also the art performing realistic brutal evil - destruction should not go via a topic of evil by other way - in favour of its effectiveness for its influence on society.
15

MATEMATIKA A SKUTOČNOSŤ

88%
Kvasz L.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2011
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vol. 18
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issue 3
302 – 330
EN
The aim of the present paper is to offer a new analysis of the multifarious relation between mathematics and reality. We believe that the relation of mathematics to reality is, just like in the case of the natural sciences, mediated by instruments (such as algebraic symbolism, or ruler and compass). Therefore the kind of realism we aim to develop for mathematics can be called instrumental realism. It is a kind of realism, because it is based on the thesis, that mathematics describes certain patterns of reality. And it is instrumental realism, because it pays attention to the role of instruments by means of which mathematics identifies these patterns.
16

ИМЯ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ В ИСТОРИИ КУЛЬТУРЫ И НАУКИ И В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИИ

75%
Giruckij A.
Slavica Slovaca
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2016
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vol. 51
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issue 1
33 - 43
EN
The paper examines the correlation between name and reality in the history of culture and science. It provides the characteristics of contemporary philosophical, natural scientific, physical and mathematical as well as linguistic approaches to this problematics. It also mentions the specific role personal name plays in both ontological and sociocultural perspectives. The paper introduces the topological model of the structure of the word together with its main features. The resulting topological model of the name is unfolded into the matrix of the Absolute. The core axioms of the model of the word are formulated, and “The Matrix of the Absolute” project is proposed.
17

FIKCE, SKUTEČNOST A RADIKÁLNÍ VYPRÁVĚNÍ

75%
Koťátko P.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 1
72 – 96
EN
The article focuses on the nature of the worlds of narrative fiction, ways of their representation, the status and identity conditions of fictional entities and correlatively on the role of singular terms in literary texts. According to the author, the basic question providing a proper framework for addressing such topics is: what does the reader have to do (to presuppose, to accept, to imagine) in order to allow the text of narrative fiction to fulfil its literary functions? The alternative is to start with the „text itself“, i.e. sentences with their linguistic meanings (in abstraction from their literary functions), and ask what kind of material does the text provide to the interpreter, what does it enable him/her to identify and determine and what does it leave principally unidentifiable and underdetermined. According to the author, such an approach blocks the access (or makes impossible the return) to the text’s literary functions. The author defends certain specification of the interpretative attitude required by the literary functions of a text of narrative fiction from its reader. Among other things, he attempts to demonstrate its general applicability by analysing a highly non-standard type of narration (labelled „radical“).
18

DUCH TIAŽE J. L. FISCHERA

75%
Lysý J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2021
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vol. 76
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issue 3
167 – 180
EN
The paper discusses the topic of democracy contained in the philosophical concept of Josef Ludvík Fischer (1894 – 1973). The starting point is the idea of respect to the Order of Reality flowing into the theory of „structural democracy“. J. L. Fisher eventually arrives at the questions of freedom, the topic of our options to re-create reality, depending on our desire, on our heroism, and on the type of perfect order we are willing to create.
19

SKUTOČNÉ VO FILME A JEHO PÔSOBENIE

75%
Oniščenko J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2011
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vol. 66
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issue 7
655 – 666
EN
The paper examines the relationship between film and reality, which on the author’s view cannot be grasped without taking into account the viewer. For Bela Balazs the viewer is a part of the film world. Jean Epstein goes even further in his substituting an actor for a viewer. Balazs develops the concept of identification while Epstein’s idea is to subvert the viewer’s world of peace and certainties. Benjamin shows that watching a film is a two-way effect. Barthes’ aim is to show the place, from which this effect comes. Lyotard describes another particularity of the film. The stasis represents a situation when the film shows the limits of perception.
20

SEMIOTIZÁCIA KAŽDODENNOSTI 19. A 20. STOROČIA V UMELECKOM OBRAZE (SELEKTÍVNA REKOGNOSKÁCIA)

75%
Čechová M.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2015
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vol. 19
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issue 2
318 – 324
EN
This paper focuses on the interpretation iconic (semiotic) portrayal of everyday reality in fairy tales from two northern authors - the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen (19th cent.) and Latvian writer Karlis Skalbe (20th cent.), on the comparative background of opposition realistic / historically factual / believable – fictional / magic / fantasy.
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