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Básně a próza - způsoby a problémy koexistence

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This article provides an outline of the history of the relationship between verse and fiction. From the thirteenth to the nineteenth century, verse held the foremost position in Polish literature. This was because of its connection with the language of the Roman Catholic Mass and Church ritual. The article focuses on the relationship between verse and fiction in the Romantic period, when the uniformity and regularity of verse was disrupted. It also considers Polish Romantic rhythmical prose, describing the changes that took place in the Modern period, a time when, among others things, irregular syllabic verse and experiments with vers libre developed. A further convergence between verse and rhythmicized prose occurred in the period when vers libre was developing and then became predominant.
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Několik poznámek a úvah o vzniku Máchova Máje

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A thorough analysis of textual sources and anticipatory elements of Macha's 'Maj', including an assessment of the nature of shifts and changes.
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Poznámky k zvukomalbě

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An interpretation of Karel Hynek Macha's short story 'Pout krkonosska', inspired by post-structuralist concepts of the relationship between language (the spoken word), human experience, subjectivity, and corporeality.
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Konstituce literárněhistorického pojmu romantismus

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In this article the author considers the use of the term ‘Romanticism’ in the critical -historical discourse that constitutes the study of German and Czech literature, with the aim of establishing the specifi c causes of the inconsistencies in the term. Like the philosopher Ladislav Hejdánek (b. 1927), the author sees the term as cross -section of judgements, and after analyzing German- -studies models of Romanticism (Heinrich Heine, Hermann Hettner, Franz Thomas Bratranek, Rudolf Haym, Wilhelm Scherer), he explains it as a junction of judgements and comparisons of Romanticism to subjectivism, historicism, Roman Catholicism, idealism, aristocratism, and patriotism (nationalism). He also considers the employment of the term in critical -historical thinking on modern Czech Romanticism, from the models of Karel Sabina and Eliška Krásnohorská to the comparative viewpoints of Wiktor Czajewski and Matthias Murko, and all the way to a representative synthesis of the history of Czech literature in the fi rst half of the nineteenth century. The origin of the term in critical practice turns out to be problematic, particularly in the works of the Czech positivists, for example, in pejorative terms like rytířská (chivalrous), klášterní (monastic), and vlašská romantika (pastoral romance), whose function was, in keeping with the understanding of Czech Romanticism as eclecticism, to explain some Czech literary texts (particularly popular literature) from impetuses arising outside the national culture. In positivist models of Czech Romanticism one may legitimately talk even about interferential meanings of words and terms, which manifest themselves negatively in interpretations of canonical texts as well. The discrepancies and ambiguity of the term ‘Romanticism’ as early as in the syntheses of Czech positivists may be explained as a consequence of the variety of judgements on Romanticism, which were based, moreover, on non -literary facts.
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Amongst all the memorabilia gathered by Michalina Zaleska nee Dziekońska were letters written by Frédéric Chopin and Józef I. Kraszewski, and drawings of George Sand, Teofil Kwiatkowski, and Cyprian Norwid. Unfortunately, most of this interesting heritage was destroyed in Grodno during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. The archives that are kept in the National Library of Poland contain the most extensive information about the collection of Michalina Zaleska nee Dziekońska, allowing us to reconstruct a fragment of it. A picture directory of drawings which were preserved in this library lists 128 works of different artists and one sketchbook. In 1904 in Dziekońska's palace in Grodno, Zenon Przesmycki found Norwid's "writings in verse and in prose" and it was probably at that time that he saw and described "the great album with the cipher M.D. bound in grey canvas" from which most of the pictures listed in the directory are derived. Until now the continuing story of this unpreserved album was unknown. Based on the information given by Juliusz W. Gomulicki it was supposed that this album was lost in Grodno in 1920, but after researching the archive and analysing a few published references it was discovered that by 1930 the album was included in the collection of the National Library of Poland. In August 1939 drawings from "the great album with the cipher M.D." were catalogued and prepared for evacuation. Hidden with the rest of the National Library's collection they survived the September Campaign. Unfortunately they were burned after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising, although two of Chopin's portraits by Teofil Kwiatkowski miraculously survived. The National Library of Poland also keeps four of Norwid's drawings, originally belonging to Dziekońska, and her sketchbook which were added to the collection with the heritage of Przesmycki in 1945. Random information scattered amongst different sources additionally mentions a dozen or so different objects from Dziekońska's collection (lost or kept in different public collections). Had it survived, "the great album with the cipher M.D." would be the most extensive and precious of norwidian books of friendship. From preserved photographs and reproductions we know what 28 of the album's drawings looked like, decriptions of the rest were given by the archive.
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The article deals with the issue of contamination of romanticism and ancient motives in 'The Legion' by Stanislaw Wyspianski. In the drama Mickiewicz's romantic myth appears against the background of the Ancient Rome, associating the ancient use of metaphors with romantic visionary style. Particularly exposed theatrical character of space suits the creation of the main character, apparently stylized for the Mickiewiczian hero. The hero puts on masks of both Christ and Brutus, thus confirming the tragic situation of a man bound in history and social obligations. Wyspianski's Rome is the synthesis of the theatre of the world. Exaggerated mystification in 'The Legion' - an apparent game - is a desperate attempt to communicate between the modernist sender and the recipient.
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Aspekty prostoru v Máchových Cikánech

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This article analyzes Karel Hynek Macha's tale 'Marinka', which, it is argued, is distinguished by numerous features of Romanticism. The artistic power of this work, according to the article, is based on the confrontation between the Romantic ideal on the one hand and drastic scenes of the life of the poor, romantic love, and disillusion on the other. The analytical part of the article considers the genesis of the work in connection with the original sketches in Macha's Notebook and with aspects of real life and institutions appearing there. In conclusion the author points out the link between 'Marinka' and the verse of 'Die Gruendung Prags', a lesedrama by Clemens Brentano (1778-1842).
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The term Romanticism presents a traditional way of inner structuring and explanation of the history of Czech literature of the 19th century, but this term has been used differently in particular literary historical concepts. The pluralistic concept of Romanticism has not had a firm position in the Czech literary historical context, which is contrarily to the Slovak concept represented by O. Cepan and P. Kása. In the Czech concept Vodicka's model is used, designating the works of Jungmann's generation as Pre-Romanticism and limiting Romanticism as its subjective, Mácha's variant. The character of the true Romantic texts does not prove this limited conception. These texts were written in the second period of the national revival but some Romantic features also appeared in the works with syncretistic character, connecting for example Romanticism and Classicism. Biedermeier was understood by the Czech literary historians in the latest years as a negating 'contrafacture' of Romanticism and was used as a synonym for a part of work of the 30s called in the Vodicka's concept 'convergion of literature and life'. The translation of German sentimental tragedies of the 20s and the 30s of the 19th century has shown that axiological horizon, basic groups of motives and also typical poetics of Biedermeier have been well known in the Czech environment since the 20s. There were elements of subjective Romanticism co-existing here. Since the 19th century the mutual proportion between the Romanticism and Biedermeier has changed in the Czech culture from a complementary belonging to polemic contradiction. In a modern concept of Czech literature it would be useful to accept the thesis of P. Zajac about pulsating, synoptic character of literary processes as well as to use and in maximal possible measure to extend a subject field of validity of Cepan's concept of Romanticism as an innerly pluralistic, open structures with wide transitionary zones and possibilities of convergence and meeting with phenomena of different nature.
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The article surveys of the study of the Polish literary Romanticism starting with the period between the two world wars since the 1970ies and 1980ies. The author shows that the question of the ‘rewriting Romanticism' in Polish literary scholarship from the 1930ies is connected with the methodological innovations. Nevertheless, 'rewriting Romanticism' depends on the cultural political context as well. The crucial breaking point came at the end of the 1950ies, when the Stalinist simplifications in the literary scholarship were abandoned and the scholars began to look for the methodological reorientation (Marxist sociology of literature, cultural studies, partly structuralism).
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The aim of the study is to show, through surveying functions of using motif of a father in works of selected Slovak authors of Romanticism (Janko Kral, Andrej Sladkovic, Jan Botto and the others), the process of how the Slovak identity was formed. The study represents only surveying of problems and that is why it results only in preliminary conclusions. Relationship to fatherhood is depicted in the article in several levels: as relationship of authors to their own origin and also to their biological fathers; but mainly as their relationship to their literary ancestors and to the version of Slovak national history that was typical for Romanticism. The preliminary view on selected texts, primary goals and ideas of the Slovak Romanticism as well as on the extra-literary activities of the authors of the Slovak Romanticism allows us to conclude that their relationships were mostly complicated, rebellious and negative both to their ancestors and also to their own fathers who were low-born. The process resulted in substitution of the idea of fatherhood by the idea of motherhood that became foundational for Slovak romantic mythology as well as for just being formed Slovak national identity.
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The goal of the article is to draw the basic outline of the transformations of the ballad as a genre in Czech literature in the second half of the 19th century. The material is the book editions of poetry from the year 1850 to the beginning of the World War I. The method is the synoptic-pulsating approach to a literary work of art as a dynamic process within which various discourse tendencies are configured and modified. The result is a preliminary model of Czech ballad transformation in that particular period of time: the genre happened to be in the magnetic field of Romanticism represented mainly by Erben´s Kytice (Bouquet). A number of modifications occurred in the course of time, Romanticism´s genre rules became gradually more and more relaxed, especially those related to the role of plot and dynamic motifs; one of the tendencies even inclined to parody of the traditional Romantic principles of the ballad (Mašek, Hašek). At the same time the ballad was penetrated by essential features of other literary discourses such as Parnasism (Hálek, Vrchlický), Naturalism (Sládek, Šimáček) or Decadence (Jan z Wojkowicz, Lešehrad). The transformations did not take place in a linear way, within an imaginary causal „evolution“, where individual stages would „overcome“ the previous ones, but they overlapped in synoptic dynamics. The main contribution lies in the actual proof of the thesis about the nonlinear, synoptic character of transformations of a key literary genre in the 19th century, which helped establish Romanticism and has always been so attractive for readers it has stayed vital in spite of the discourse transformations.
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Polish authors writing about the history of literature usually fail to notice the influence of German literature on the preparation of the Romantic breakthrough (1822) in Polish literature. An important role in the birth and development of this ideological and artistic movement was played by schools. Schools in the Duchy of Warsaw, formed (1807) from lands taken by Prussia during the 2nd and 3rd Partition of Poland, subsequently expanded to include some lands from the Austrian part of the partitioned Poland (1809) and then, following Napoleon's defeat, transformed into the Kingdom of Poland (1815), employed many teachers of German origin as well as Poles who had graduated from German universities. Hence the presence of German authors (such as Klopstock, Gleim, Gellert, Rabener, Herder, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller and Schlegel) in the curricula (1810, 1812 and 1820) and recommended reading lists (1812 and 1820). The popularity of books by German authors is also confirmed by surviving inventories and catalogues of school libraries (Lublin, Szczebrzeszyn, Plock, Kalisz, Poznan) and school reports (Warsaw). The present author disagrees with the current conclusions of literature scholars with regard to the sources of aesthetic inspirations of Polish Romanticism.
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In the 70s and the 80s of the 20th century, a new view of Záborsky's literary work began to occur. A. Bagin formed the key hypothesis about Záborsky as a modern author. The problem of comical in his works was opened by S. Rakus and A. Kruláková. A. Kruláková was also the first who depicted an irony line in the Slovak literature from Bajza, Chalupka to Záborsky. Then J. Stevcek, V. Mikula and P. Darovec adopted it into their interpretations. In his interpretation of the prose by P. Vilikovského 'Vecne je zeleny ...' (Ever Green Is...) P. Darovec worked it up until the present time. In the 70s and 80s O. Cepan dealt with the poetics of Záborsky's prose most intensively. In Záborsky's prose he identified paradox and irony as its primary features. Both O. Cepan and A. Kruláková revealed the domination of low (Bachtin) carnality. In his 'Summary to Faustiáda' (1984) and mainly in his introductory study 'Staromilsky novátor' Jonás Záborsky? in 'Dielo' I (1989) Oskár Cepan changed his former thesis about Záborsky as a late Classicist and he described his work as a part of Romanticism, its 'reverse', negative and natural negation. All main features of Záborsky's prose texts as its intentional anti-myth character, heteronymous character, monsterlikeness, paradox, irony as a reflexive duplication of the text, metalepsis as a basic rhetoric figure, grotesque as a genre of 'flying arabesques' prove that Záborsky's late proses mainly 'Faustiáda' belong among the works that use the Romantic irony. The latest Slavic research has identified the Romantic irony as a discourse of the late Romanticism in Pushkin's 'Eugen Onegin' (H. Meyer), in Slowacki's 'Balladyne' (M. Zmigrodska, G. Ritz) or in early works of Hálek (Z. Hrbata, M. Procházka). Also the study 'Kocurkovo' as a Slovak Anti-Myth belongs to this line of research.
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This article is concerned with the scholarly historical works of Ján Kollár (1793–1852), primarily his Dobré wlastnosti Národu Slowanského (The Good Qualities of the Slav Nation, 1822). In the introduction, the author distinguishes between Romantic historicism and Comtean positivist historicism. The application of the positivist conception resulted, on the one hand, in the marginalization of Kollár’s works with historical subject matter, but, on the other hand, an important part of his thinking made its way into the modern national culture and national consciousness. The author, in the first part of the article, considers the broader historical context of Dobré wlastnosti Národu Slowanského. Following on from previous research, he reveals the influence of Herder, particularly, however, he points to the Hungarian sources from which, he argues, Kollár was inspired in his definition of the ‘good qualities of the Slav nation’. The author then compares in detail the article ‘A régi Magyaroknak Vallásbéli s Erkölcsi Állapottyokról’ (The Religious and Moral Stages of the Ancient Hungarians), by the Veszprém canon Johann Baptiste Horvath (János Horváth, 1732–1799), published in Tudományos Gyüjtemény (Scholarly Miscellany), and demonstrates the extent to which Kollár drew on it and suggests why Kollár concealed his original source.
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Marinka

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An interpretation of Macha's tale 'Marinka', focusing on some of its musical elements (for example, the inclusion of verse in composition, the harp motif). It points to factors made complicated by the development of Romantic idealization.
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The goal of the paper is to explore the contribution of Rudo Brtáň´s (1907 – 1998) editorial work in completing and presenting the author profile of the Romantic poet Samo Chalupka (1812 – 1883). During his life Chalupka became the author of the only poetry book titled Spevy/Songs/. The later publishers and editors made various interventions in its composition, and by adding poems published in magazines and poems from manuscripts they came to compile Chalupka´s collected works. Brtáň´s work expanded on the editorial outcomes of his predecessors, it made use of the gradually gained knowledge of Chalupka´s poetry and it alone became a resource for the future editors of Chalupka´s poetry or work (most recently in 2014 an overview of Chalupka´s production across genres was offered by Janka Pácalová in her compilation Básne a starožitnosti/Poems and Antiquities). In an effort to define Brtáň´s significance in this chain a comparison of relevant editions of Chalupka´s work was made – Spevy/Songs/ published in the years 1868, 1898 and 1912, Básnické dielo/Poetic Works/ published in 1952 and 1973, and Básne a starožitnosti/Poems and Antiquities (2014)/. One of the strengths lying in Brtáň´s editorial performance was the fact that he was the last to date to have an opportunity to work with some of the authentic resources and to attempt at offering readers selected fragments of Chalupka´s poetry. The paper reveals Brtáň´s methods of researching Chalupka´s poetry, his way of making comments on and giving information about him.
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The article is concerned with the phenomenon of the Romantic imagination in the literature of the Czech National Revival. The introductory section recalls the European context of travel writing, which often brought together erudite scholarly interpretation and effective poetic imagery, particularly in works by Alexander Humboldt (1769–1859), Johann Baptist von Spix (1781–1826), Maximilian zu Wied Neuwied (1782–1867), and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876), and demonstrates the way in which they sought to shape nature aesthetically. The author points to the characteristic use of figurative speech, which is evident also in Czech travel writing, for example, in works by Josef Myslimír Ludvík (1796–1856) and Matěj Milota Zdirad Polák (1788–1856). The tendency towards fresh, strongly figurative linguistic expression, according to the author, aimed to intensify the aesthetic perception of the picture of the landscape and add a special semantic haziness to the text. In contemporaneous travel writing Nature consistently referred to the situation of the subject, becoming a symbol of what was going on inside him or her. By using certain literary devices, travel writing turned a nonfiction text into an aesthetically motivated work, primarily intended for artistic communication. The second part of the article compares the representation of Nature in the works of Karel Hynek Mácha (1810–1836) with the artistic approaches and devices characteristic of Revivalist travel writing. The article seeks to demonstrate that, in addition to a similar repertoire of poeticizing linguistic devices, Mácha’s works resemble Revivalist travel writing also with respect to the configuration of the landscape. The author develops the thesis of Felix Vodička (1909–1974), according to which Mácha’s work must be seen in the context of previous Revivalist literature, but not only its prestigious works like the Forged Manuscripts, Kollár’s verse, and Josef Linda’s Záře nad pohanstvem (A Light over the Pagans), but also its genres of literary history, usually forgotten, including travel writing. In terms of language, Mácha’s works exhibit obvious parallels with Revivalist travel writing, but fundamentally differ from it in their thoroughly existential speculations. His landscape picture shows a close resemblance to the inner experience of the subject, but does not evoke only a certain emotional mood. Rather, it emphasizes the special nature of time. Mácha deepened and expanded the possibilities of the Romantic imagination and Czech Romantic language, which were present in some Revivalist works – original ones as well as translations – beginning in the 1820s.
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Graphic illustration of Latvian children's books began at the professional level only in the 20th century, as part of the active development of the national book industry and professional fine art in Latvia, beginning in the late 19th century. Also of importance were expanded opportunities to study graphic illustrations meant for children that were produced abroad. The initial efforts at producing graphics for children's books in Latvia involved differing types of books. This article looks most particularly at the first professionally illustrated children's books in the area of folklore. Among the artists who worked in this field were Rihards Zarins, Eduards Brencens, Janis Zegners, Alberts Kronenbergs and Janis Tillbergs, whose works exposed link with German Late Romanticism (illustrations by Zarins and Brencens) and with works of English artist Walther Crane and Russian artists Jekaterina Polenova and Ivan Bilibin who, on their turn, were influenced by Art Nouveau (illustrations by Zegners, Kronenbergs and Tillbergs). The first truly splendid example of an illustrated children's book was the Tillbergs-illustrated folk story 'Misinbardis', which was published in 1913 in the form of an album (notebook) - a style that was popular at the turn of the century. The illustrations were printed separately from the text, and the entire work was printed on high-quality paper. 'Misinbardis' was quite reminiscent of album-type children's books that were at the time being produced by the Russian artists association 'Mir Iskusstva' (The World of Art). From the very beginning, the work of professional Latvian artists in the area of children's books demonstrated ties to the patriarchal foundations of understanding their country and their environment. In terms of stylistics there was the use of techniques from late Romanticism and Art Nouveau. In Latvia, however, illustrations meant for children from the very start avoided over-saturation with details, idyllic beautification or open didactics - elements which were not rare in imported picture books.
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Mesianistický variant slovenského romantizmu

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This article is concerned with ideological basis of Romantic Slavic messianism, which it explores by considering the thinking of Samo Bohdan Hroboň (1820–1894). In the introductory section, the author recalls the genesis and development of the term ‘messianism’. Here she takes it to mean a special utopia comprising conviction, faith (and not solely religious) in being chosen, and seeing oneself as the vehicle for the historical task of saving the world. The article defines in detail the scholarly concept of the Slavic literary messianism of Oskár Čepan (1925–1992), its changes, and its subsequent reflection in literary studies by Cyril Kraus, Stanislav Šmatlák, Joanna Goszczyńska, and Rudolf Dupkala. The second part of the article considers Hroboň’s works. Drawing on texts with a primarily aesthetic function, the author reconstructs the ideology that form the basis of the texts, paying particular attention to the process of mystical sacralization, which appears as the sanctification of the Slovak nation.
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The author deals with the change of Polish social-political attitude towards Ukraine. The paper presents similarities of Polish and Ukrainian history at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the unique for both the countries phenomenon of nation without a state, as well as similar tendencies in thought and literature of Romanticism. Moreover, it shows significant impact of the French Revolution, the movements and conspiratorial committees on formation of the two modern societies - Polish and Ukrainian.
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