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1

ANNEXATION OF THE KARABAKH KHANATE TO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 18TH CENTURY (Przylaczenie Chanatu Karabachskiego do Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego)

100%
Adamczewski P.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
|
2009
|
issue 1-2 (228-229)
52-62
EN
The geopolitics of the area of the South Caucasus in the 18th century after the death of Nadir Shah, was the cause, for the rising of the independent de facto Karabakh khanate, whose founder was Panah Ali Khan. It became one of the strongest countries in the area of Azerbaijan; however, it was unable to defend itself from constant Persian invasions. The only military force that could oppose them was the Russian Empire. On 14th May 1805, khan Ibrahim Halil and general Pavel Tsitsianov signed up the Kurekhay Treaty. Under its terms Karabakh became a part of the Russian Empire and its previous ruler retained administrative powers. The confirmation of such a state of affairs was armed peace between Russia and Persia concluded in 1813 in Gulistan. Under its terms, most of the North Azerbaijan's khanates got under the power of the tsar. For Karabakh the consequence of getting under the new reign was the change of the ethnic structure of the whole area, which was connected with the far-flung Armenian colonization.
2

Application of regional approach to studies of Kazakh history of the imperial period

100%
Abdildabekova A. M.
Sensus Historiae. Studia interdyscyplinarne
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2012
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issue 2(7)
161-168
EN
The author shows, that the regional approach allows involving in historiographical analysis interesting achievements of historical schools that for some time were kept in shadow, and synthesize the merits of large-scale theoretical interpretation of the past with necessary proof of the historical reality. It is impossible to disintegrate the politics of the Russian empire to Kazakhstan from its politics in central Asia in general. Historiography of Kazakhstan and peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyzes, Karakalpaks, Tajiks, Turkmens) history studies is so interconnected and interlaid that it is scientifically inconsistent to study them separately. The peripheral location of Kazakhstan within the Russian empire space created certain economic and political contradictions in its development. No doubt, that Kazakhs and their ancestors within very long time could preserve traditional way of life, and relative political independence. They kept their identity among multi-ethnic population of Jochi ulus. Within the framework of the Russian empire Kazakhs partially preserved their political independence until mid XIX century. The fact that Kazakhs regularly rebelled against the Russian empire proves that annexation of Kazakhstan territory was not voluntary, if considerable social stratas and groups of Kazakh community actively fought against the Russian empire. Practically, within that period was stopped the process of Kazakh statehood buildup. As result of the ousting of Kazakhs from their native lands by the Russian migrants, the Kazakhs faced the real threat to transform into minority on their own homeland, that really happened in XX century.
3

FUMIGATION AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST CHOLERA - A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND EPIDEMICS OF CHOLERA IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (Fumigacja jako srodek profilaktyczny przeciwko cholerze - przyczynek do historii drugiej epidemii cholery w C

100%
Janicka I.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
67-78
EN
On of the most serious diseases which attacked Europe in the 19th c. was cholera. The 19th c. saw five pandemics which reduced the world population by 30 to 40 million people. Before vibrio cholerae was isolated by Robert Koch in 1883, doctors had not known the source of infection and had applied the means of treatment and prevention which were commonly used in the case of other contagious diseases. The article describes the method of purifying the air during an epidemics called fumigation. Interiors were fumigated with the fumes of natural substances (juniper, vinegar or even animal manure) or chemicals (calcium chloride). The former were easily available in any household; the latter could be bought at the chemist's. Calcium chloride was dispensed free of charge. Fumigation was recommended in official documents, although its effectiveness was generally doubted. Moreover, the fumes of vinegar or calcium chloride irritated the eyes and throats. Nevertheless, fumigation was applied almost until the end of the 19th c.
4

WHITE REGIMENT BY MIKHAIL BULGAKOV: ANTI-UKRAINIAN RHETORICAL STRATEGY

100%
Wilczynski W.
Slavia Orientalis
|
2005
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vol. 54
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issue 4
551-560
EN
The present article was inspired by Eve M. Thompson's 'Imperial Knowledge: Russian Literature and Colonialism' (London 2000) and can be registered in the context of postcolonial studies. In the article, the analysis is focused on 'The White Regiment' (1925), a novel by a Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov. The present author proves that, in the course of narration, Bulgakov highlights a typically Russian point of view when describing the events that took place in Kiev at the turn of 1918. In those days Kiev was the capital of the Ukrainian State, the Ukrainian People's Republic, being in the very process of its formation. Bulgakov disparages the idea of Ukraine's independence and discredits not only the language and history of Ukraine but also the mentality of its people and qualities of its national leaders. He does it on purpose to enhance the views of the Russian heroes of the novel, an educated family of the Turbins and their friends, in line with colonial interests of the Russian Empire - common good of all Russian people - irrespective of the form of the system, whether a monarchy or a communist republic.
5

CHANGES IN ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, THE SOVIET UNION AND RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Zmiany podzialow administracyjnych w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim, w Zwiazku Sowieckim oraz w Federacji Rosyjskiej)

100%
Gregorowicz S.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2010
|
vol. 45
239-257
EN
In the 1990s, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia underwent a complex process of political, economic and social transformation which coincided with the presidency of Boris Yeltsin. The fast pace of ongoing changes and the FR movement towards democracy inclined Poland to redefine relations with Russia and to seek new opportunities for their development. The expression of these was the visit of President Walesa in Moscow and the signing of Polish-Russian Treaty of Good Neighbourship and Friendly Cooperation on 22 May 1992. Shortly, however, a number of problems in relations with Moscow emerged, e.g. historical occurrences (including Katyn Massacre), Soviet army withdrawal from Poland, compensations and financial settlements, and others, which impeded current relations, despite the fact that presidents Yeltsin and Walesa had made an attempt to open a new chapter in Polish-Russian relations. It soon became apparent that the strategic interests of both countries are completely inconsistent in relation to fundamental matters. Evidently, it revealed conflicting aspirations concerning the entry of Poland to NATO , which resulted in significant cooling in Polish-Russian relations in the years 1994 to 2000. The change of authorities in Kremlin on 31 December 1999, which marked an end of a certain period in Russian history, unexpectedly created favourable conditions for improvement in relations with Poland. It was reflected in President Putin-s visit in Poland in January 2002, which yielded a number of spectacular results. However, the two-year balance of 'detente' of 2002-2003 presented itself rather poorly. Once more, a substantial discrepancy of Polish and Russian interests was exposed during the events of 2004. Polish entry to the EU in May 2004 and the presidential election in Ukraine, where Poland and President A. Kwasniewski played a significant role in the victory of 'the orange revolution'. This resulted in further cooling of Polish-Russian relations. The following years did not provide any improvement. At the end of 2005 the issue of locating elements of American missile defence shield on Polish territory appeared which posed a new problem in Polish-Russian relations. As in the case of NATO enlargement, the Russians employed the method of intimidation to counteract this undertaking. In retaliation for the shield, a number of higher Russian officers and politicians announced that the latest Russian anti-missile systems would be located near Polish border and that mid-range missiles would be aimed at Poland. This best illustrates the significance of East-Central Europe for Moscow.
6

WATER SUPPLY TO THE SMALL CITIES IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1890–1910S (VOLOGDA, STARAYA RUSSA AND CHEREPOVETS)

75%
Agafonova A. B.
Mesto a dejiny
|
2020
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vol. 9
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issue 1
45 – 68
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of the organization of centralized water supply systems in small Russian towns at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The causes and the processes of pipeline building are described in the research in three small cities, each of which became significant transport hubs by 1914 and had populations of less than 50,000 people. The research interest in these towns is led by understanding how the transport position of small cities promoted the improvement of water supplies in them. It was essential due to the growth of the urban populations and increasing cases of cholera epidemics in transport-hub cities.
7
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METAMORFÓZY KRESŤANSTVA NA KAUKAZE: OD JEHO ROZŠÍRENIA PO ZAČLENENIE REGIÓNU K RUSKÉMU IMPÉRIU V 19. STOROČÍ

75%
Šmigeľ M., Cherkasov A. A., Kmeť M.
Konštantínove listy
|
2019
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
80 - 97
EN
Christianity in the Caucasus – from its expansion in the 3rd – 4th centuries to the integration of the region to the Russian Empire in the 19th century went through peculiar metamorphic changes. It had its own history for each nation of the region. On the one hand, old Transcaucasian cultures (Armenian and Georgian) entirely adopted Christianity and maintained it throughout the centuries. On the other hand, the mountain dweller nations of the Caucasus, lacking their own statehood, have only partially adopted Christianity with the long-term presence of religious syncretism (mix of paganism, Judaism, Christianity and Mohammedanism) and after all, they were mostly Islamized. Beside a number of internal and external influences and factors, the mental conservatism of Caucasian ethnic groups also appears important in these processes.
8
Content available remote

ORTHODOXY AS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF MODERN GREEK IDENTITY IN THE 1860S – 1910S (AN EXAMPLE OF THE GREEK CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS IN BATUM)

75%
Tchkoidze E.
Konštantínove listy
|
2022
|
vol. 15
|
issue 1
97 - 108
EN
A Georgian littoral city Batum, situated on the South-Eastern shores of the Black Sea, has had an interesting history in many respects. It was included in the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. In 1878 Batum was reintegrated with Georgia (a part of the Russian Empire at that period). In the 1880s – 1910s it served as an industrially important city in the whole Russian Empire. At the same time, it was very colourful nationally and religiously. Greeks in Batum, one of its largest and oldest minorities, settled there in the 1850 and beyond. Batum’s Greeks were actively involved in all spheres of city life, especially in entrepreneurship, politics, culture and education. The Church of St. Nicholas was built in 1865 – 1871 by the local Greek flock. It is the first stone building and the first Christian monument which has survived up to now in Batum. The aim of the article is to present all aspects concerning the process of the building, from acquiring its permission to its completion. It is also underlined that the Church had mobilized and unified, on the one hand, the local Greeks and, on the other hand, the local Greeks with Greeks of Pontus and especially, of Trabzon. In the article a special emphasis is given to present the church as a centre of the Greek community. The article reveals that all successful Greeks of Batum were involved in activities initiated or organized by the church of St. Nicholas. It is evident that the church is the space that helps the Greeks of the diaspora to maintain such an important marker of identity as language. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (i. e. before the sovietization of Georgia) it was the Church that united the Greeks living in the non-Greek space and strengthened their perception of their national identity and desire to preserve it. All this was happening in harmony and there are no cases of confrontation with local church circles or structures. The church was the factor that spiritually united the population of Batum and the Pontus region within the framework of two different empires.
9

CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE PROCESS OF ITS INCORPORATION INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

75%
Shaukenov A.
Asian and African Studies
|
2013
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vol. 22
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issue 2
279 – 301
EN
This article is devoted to studying changes that Kazakh society underwent in the political, legal and economic spheres in the process of its incorporation into the Russian Empire. This paper describes the peculiarities of the status of the khans’ power on the Kazakh steppe and the specificity of power relations in the society of the nomads. The author has tried to identify the causes of the loss of sovereignty of the Kazakh khanates from the second half of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century.
10

ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL CHANGES AND LEGAL REFORMS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

75%
Shaukenov A.
Asian and African Studies
|
2014
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vol. 23
|
issue 1
89 – 109
EN
This article describes the certain peculiarities of the introduction of the Russian Empire’s legislation in the Kazakh steppe as well as administrative and territorial changes in the steppe region, which negatively affected the nomadic way of life, and together with other factors led to the phased sedentarization of the Kazakh population. The paper shows the process of the elimination of the khans’ power and its replacement by a colonial administration. The author pays considerable attention to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the relationship to nomadic Kazakh society.
11

Liepājas Karostas plānojums un arhitektūra analoģiju kontekstā

75%
Rožlapa K. L.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
|
2018
|
vol. 21
19-32
EN
Karosta (Military Port) in the town of Liepāja used to be one of the strategically most important military objects in the Russian Empire. Its aesthetic aspect was implemented in high-quality forms of Historicist architecture, general planning and every building of Karosta, then dubbed the Port of Alexander III. After the failed Crimea War, the Russian Empire maintained its aggressive policy and decided to establish a new naval base to secure its presence on the Baltic Sea. Fearing growing German strength in these waters, Russian officials quickly devised an action plan. In 1890, the Tsar approved the decision to begin construction works in Liepāja. Engineer General Ivan Alfred McDonald designed a rational layout for Karosta consisting of four historical military port districts. From the direction of the sea, the first is the officers’ residential district. This is the most representative part of Karosta, containing not only officers’ dwelling houses but also administrative functions; the dominant object is St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral designed by Vasily Kosyakov in the Neo-Russian style. The most impressive and lavish building of Karosta is the Neo-Baroque Naval Officers’ Meeting House designed by Stefan Galenzovsky. The entire officers’ district is filled with decoratively rich, refined, Historicist-style buildings. Soon after the approval of the Karosta plan, construction works began on the Tsar’s Palace, the Naval Commander’s House along with other noteworthy objects, like the Naval Telegraph, the Gendarme Unit and the Naval Military Court House as well as the Post Office of Emperor Alexander III. Every two-storey officers’ house has a different décor. One reflects elements in line with Neo-Classicist style while others echo Neo-Baroque and Neo-Renaissance; even the new tendencies of Art Nouveau are present. The uniqueness of Karosta is revealed in its peculiar relationships with the Liepāja Fortress and its quick abolishment that cut development short. In seventeen years of rapid construction works, a modern, rationally structured port was created, intended as a significant element of the Russian Empire’s military policy. The entire complex and each particular building was adapted to the spirit of the epoch and the imperial taste.
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