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1

Rationality, Norms and Institutions: In Search of a Realistic Utopia

100%

Engelen B.

Human Affairs

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2007

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vol. 17

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issue 1

33-41

EN

The main goal of political philosophers is to search for a realistic utopia by taking individuals as they are and institutions, rules and laws as they might be. Instead of trying to change either individuals or institutions in order to improve society, this article argues that both strategies should be combined, since there are causal connections running both ways. Because individuals ultimately devise and uphold institutions, one should be optimistic about the possibilities of deliberately improving society through institutional reforms. However, one should adequately model the influences that these reforms have on individuals, their identities and their motivations. From the fact that individuals can actually turn into egoists if they are treated as such, this article stresses the need to detect and maintain non-egoistic motivations. Since informal norms, for example, motivate individuals to socially desirable action, it is important to devise formal institutions that support rather than erode norm-guided behavior.

2

Racionalita ako základ duchovného rozvoja: Analýza alegorickej exegézy v Živote Mojžiša II,1–18 od Gregora z Nyssy

88%

Panczová H.

Studia theologica

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2016

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vol. 1

21-32

EN

Gregory of Nyssa’s allegorical exegesis in the Life of Moses II,1–18 is extremely coherent and well‑structured. There is one main idea – the development of human rationality. This is expressed in three images demonstrating its gradual growth and final sovereignty: the baby boy threatened with death, a Hebrew fighting with an Egyptian, and a shepherd tending sheep. A supporting stream of images speaks about the changing role of profane culture in this process (the ark and Pharaoh’s daughter, the Hebrew and the Egyptian, and Moses at the water sources in Madiam). The passage ends with the image of the sovereign rule of reason as the basic prerequisite for any further spiritual development.

3

“Social Sciences” or “Disciplines of the Subject”?

88%

Verniory P.

Human and Social Studies

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2013

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vol. 2

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issue 3

33-58

EN

Nowadays, it seems that all disciplines have to pretend being “scientific” in order to ensure their credibility. But the “social sciences”, which aim at a better knowledge of the Human regarding what makes him its own kind, are they really sciences? Pretending to be so, do they not expose themselves to be qualified as “non-scientific” by the most critical minds in their time, just as did Karl Popper about psychoanalyses and theses on the psychological selfishness? In turn, is it possible to pretend that the “social sciences” are not sciences while stating that their dignity requires them to ask for another paradigm, a much more subtle one? The present contribution will try to answer to these questions. It will start with the proposal to replace the inappropriate name of “social sciences” by another one, much more respectful of the methods which should be theirs, which would be “disciplines of the subject”.

4

Types of Rationality in Discourses on Work in (Post)Transformation Poland

88%

Kubala K.

Qualitative Sociology Review

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2022

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vol. 18

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issue 3

70-85

EN

Rationality is the key concept for understanding the reproduction of social life in the era of reflexive modernization. A fusion of lessons learned from the constructivist view of the world and analysis of the hermeneutic category of pre-understanding has become the basis of my belief that rationality is nowadays the basic modal concept, and the forms of its existence shape the order of social life. In my research practice, rationality has become a link between my interest in work and the theory of social order development. In this paper, I briefly present the relations between the notion of rationality and the theory of reflexive modernization. Then, I present my research path and the tools used in the analyses. The most important part is devoted to the effects of the conducted research. I classify and describe the types of rationality present in discourses on work in Poland. The discourses of politicians, experts, and the so-called “ordinary people” were analyzed.

5

Rationality as the condition of individual rights in David Gauthier’s "Morals by Agreement"

88%

Saar M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica

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2021

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issue 38

115-130

EN

The topic of this paper is the foundation for individual rights proposed by David Gauthier in his seminal 1986 book Morals by Agreement, and particularly the role of conception of rationality in this foundation. The foundation of rights is a part of Gauthier’s broader enterprise: to ground morals in rationality – more specifically, in the economic conception of rationality. Because of the importance of this conception for the whole of Gauthier’s project, we reconstruct first the conception of rationality which can be found in decision theory and game theory, presenting simultaneously in a relatively non-technical way some basic concepts of the aforementioned disciplines. We proceed then to reconstruction of the foundation of rights itself – it turns on Gauthier’s interpretation of the so-called “Lockean proviso.” Lastly, we turn to the connection between rationality and foundation of rights. It is to be found in the narrow compliance – the disposition to enter only into cooperation which satisfies conditions of fairness set out in part by the Lockean proviso.

6

Edukacja wobec wartości życia politycznego. Problemy wybrane

75%

Kolarzowski J. J.

Prakseologia

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2005

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issue 145

95-109

EN

Tzvetan Todorov in conclusion of his book “A New World Disorder. An European’s Reflections” indicates six values, which should determine the future of our continent. These are: rationality and justice, democracy and individual freedom, tolerance and secularity. These values function in the social – political life as mutually dependent things. There exists a need for an enormous effort to think and act in a rational way in the unjust environment. At present the freedom of an individual cannot be realized without guarantee from democracy. Tolerance has the guarantee of its realization when secularity, along with religious attitudes, becomes a rightful outlook on life, binding mainly in public life. The relationships between these notions are neither simple nor parallel. This also concerns relationships between unequal ideas being subject to evolution.

7

Pragmatic Objectivity

75%

Marsonet M.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2014

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issue 09

43-54

EN

Nicholas Rescher writes that “objectivity is not something we infer from the data; it is something we must presuppose. It is something that we postulate or presume from the very outset of our dealings with people’s claims about the world’s facts”. Such definition is just the opposite of objectivity conceived of in classical terms, but it cannot be equated with an idealistic viewpoint according to which objectivity is something that our mind simply creates in the process of reflection. It is, rather, a sort of cross-product of the encounter between our mind-shaped capacities, and a surrounding reality made up of things that are real in the usual meaning of the term. Science itself gives us some crucial insights in this direction, since it shows that we see, say, tables and trees in a certain way which, however, does not match the image that scientific instruments are able to attain. Does this mean that our commonsense view of the world is totally wrong and that nature deceives us? This is not the case. The difference between the commonsense and the scientific image of the world is explainable by the fact that we are evolutionary creatures. Nature has simply endowed human beings with tools and capacities that enable them to survive in an environment which - at least in remote eras - was largely hostile. Our way of seeing tables and trees is what is requested for carrying on a successful fight for the survival of the species: nothing more - and nothing less - is needed for achieving this fundamental goal. Turning once again to the problem of ontological objectivity, the picture has now gained both strength and clarity. If we recall that human endeavors, although occurring in a largely autonomous social and linguistic world, are nevertheless limited by the constraints that natural reality forces upon us, we begin to understand that the social-linguistic world itself is not a boat freely floating without directions. If the boat is there, it means that an explanation of its presence is likely to be obtained if only we are patient enough to look for it. Some kind of hand must be on the wheel, giving the boat indications on Contrary to other pragmatist-flavored positions popular nowadays, this approach maintains that universality has a fundamental and unavoidable function in our rational endeavors. This is due to the fact that “presupposition” and “hypothetical reasoning” are key ingredients of our very capacity to rationalize the world in which we live. Indeed, there can be no rationality without universality.

8

O racjonalności działania w ujęciu Maksa Webera

75%

Polaczuk P.

Studia Warmińskie

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2011

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issue 48

9-21

EN

The article concerns the rationality of acting in Max Weber’s theory of action. The taken attempt of reconstruction of the relation between action and the rationality refers to general types of action and of types of public action. The following regularities of Weber of the presentation are becoming apparent: first, special significance of action of the intentional-rational type, so which is based on the calculation of means because of the purpose. Such action contains structures of the meaning analogous to mathematical-logical what understanding real action enables. Action of the intentional-rational type constitutes the construct on which types of public action are relying. Weber is increasing meaning of intentional-rational elements in these types of action (is rationalizing them) and the number and the significance of trademarks proving about public directing action. This way contemplated clean types of public action constitute the foundation for the rationality of the social orders. Until the end however thinking of the structure covered with drawings here is showing that the system rationality is reducing public informing acting, getting it for rational action because of the purpose.

9

Self-Preservation and Coloniality

75%

Chimakonam J. O., Oluwagbemi-Jacob D. N.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2023

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issue 1

111-128

EN

In this paper, we will critically examine the notion of rationality and the disabling instinct of self-preservation that play out in human relationships. That “man is a rational animal,” as Aristotle declared is usually taken for granted in social studies. But whether humans act rationally all the time, and in all circumstances remains questionable. Here, we shall investigate this concern from a decolonial perspective by engaging some contradictions thrown up in the context of coloniality within which a section of humanity dehumanizes the rest. The question then is, how rational is the intellectual program of coloniality? Taking a cue from conversational thinking that places the notion of relationship at the center of decolonial analysis, we argue that coloniality fractures the inter and intra-racial relationships due mainly to the instinct of self-preservation that overwhelms human rationality. What has emerged today as the superior/inferior divide, racialism, classism, internal colonialism, ethnic cleansing, apartheid, xenophobia, and genocide are some of the consequences of warped and uncritical thinking driven by an extreme form of the instinct of self-preservation. We argue that the promotion of critical (higher-order) thinking in addition to ordinary (lower-order) thinking could be crucial in a decolonial program.

10

Racjonalność w decyzjach konsumentów na współczesnym rynku

75%

Małysa-Kaleta A.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2018

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vol. 371

45-64

PL

Przedmiotem rozważań podjętych w artykule jest problematyka racjonalności postępowania konsumentów na współczesnym rynku. Tematyka racjonalności konsumpcji i zachowań konsumentów zyskuje coraz większe znaczenie we współczesnej ekonomii, zarówno na poziomie mikro-, jak i makroekonomicznym. Ocenę racjonalności odniesiono do wiedzy ekonomicznej polskich konsumentów, subiektywnej oceny poziomu tej wiedzy, poznania źródeł wiedzy ekonomicznej konsumentów, ich oceny pod kątem wiarygodności i stopnia wykorzystania, a także do potrzeby i gotowości jej pogłębienia. Podstawą źródłową prowadzonych analiz były ogólnopolskie badania bezpośrednie oraz przegląd literatury przedmiotu.

EN

The subject of considerations taken up in the article is the issue of rationality of consumers’ behavior in the modern market. Issues of rational consumption and consumer behavior are becoming increasingly important in modern economics, both at the micro- and macro-scale level. The assessment of rationality was referred to the economic knowledge of Polish consumers, to subjective assessment of the level of this knowledge, to the recognition of sources of consumers’ economic knowledge, their assessment in terms of credibility and degree of usage as well as to the need and readiness to its deepening. Source data base for the analysis was nationwide direct research and literature review on the subject.

11

Racjonalność gospodarowania finansami osobistymi

75%

Musiał M.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. 180 cz 2

174-184

EN

This article raises the problem of rationality management of personal finances, discussing issues such as the selection of theories of rationality in economics, the essence of the process of managing of personal finances, the concept of rational management of personal finances. This article aims to systematize approaches of rationality in relation to the management of personal finances.(

12

Oblicza racjonalności w ekonomice usług

75%

Skąpska E.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. 180 cz 2

257-266

EN

Rationality is a characteristic of any business activity. However, it still constitutes a ground for never-ending consideration, especially in relation to service economics. It is due to the fact that economic laws, which are applied in the field, are subject to rapid changes. The dilemma is establishing defined regularities that carry the traits of scientific generalizations characteristic of the field of services. They are recurrent relations between particular components of a service process. It is duty of a service decision-maker to establish a system of proceedings, which will ensure relatively full realization of preset goals connected with obtaining utility values out of the services at an every stage of the providing process. The aim of this article is to produce depiction of a rationality problem in a service business activity.

13

Kultura – gospodarka. Przestrzeń dla humanistów

63%

Wieruszewska M.

Etnografia Polska

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2012

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vol. 56

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issue 1-2

143-156

EN

This article relates to the attempt of finding the common framework for the complex relation: culture – economy. The article consists of two main parts entitled: “From the perspective of ‘strangeness’ of culture and economy” and “In search of common platform for culture and economy”. The first part includes the concept of individuality presented by Friedrich Hayek. His view on two kinds of individualism presented in philosophical thought, so called “right” and “false”, in the opinion of author of article, can help to weaken the sharp opposition between individual and social context. The author points on collision in system of values between traditional local habits and contemporary market rules. The second part of the text provides for tangent lines between culture and economy. She appreciates methods of ethnology (tool box) useful in empirical exploration of mutual relations between man and his activity.

14

Europa pomiędzy emocjami a racjonalnością: indeks zrównoważonego rozwoju dla europejskich krajów OECD

63%

Koźmiński A. K., Noga A., Piotrowska K., Zagórski K.

Ekonomista

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2020

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issue 2

320-334

PL

Autorzy wykorzystują złożony wskaźnik rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego, zwany wskaźnikiem ALK (BDI), do analizy sytuacji gospodarczej w 22 krajach europejskich OECD w latach 1999-2017. Wskaźnik obejmuje 45 zmiennych społecznych i ekonomicznych w podziale na cztery grupy: 1) oceny bieżącej sytuacji społecznej i politycznej, 2) przewidywania i oczekiwania społeczne, 3) wewnętrzna sytuacja ekonomiczna, 4) czynniki zewnętrzne. Ze względu na oddziaływanie oczekiwań społecznych i czynników zewnętrznych można wyróżnić cztery typy krajów: niezależne racjonalne, zależne emocjonalne, zależne racjonalne i niezależne emocjonalne. Najbardziej niebezpieczne dla rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego jest znalezienie się w grupie krajów zależnych emocjonalnych, charakteryzujących się niską stopą inwestycji i wysokim udziałem konsumpcji w PKB, do której to grupy niebezpiecznie zbliża się gospodarka Polski.

EN

The authors use a composite socioeconomic development indicator, called ALK (BDI) index, to analyze the economic situation in 22 European OECD countries in the period of 1999-2017. The indicator includes 45 social and economic variables contained in four groups: 1) assessments of the current social and political situation, 2) social predictions and expectations, 3) internal economic situation, 4) external factors. With respect to the impact of social expectations and external factors, four types of countries can be distinguished: independent rational, dependent emotional, dependent rational, and independent emotional. The most dangerous for socio-economic development is being in a group of dependent and emotional countries, characterized by a low investment rate and a high consumption share in GDP, which is dangerously approached by the Polish economy.

15

Racjonalność a ryzyko kredytowe w działalności bankowej

63%

Rolski M.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. 180 cz 2

247-256

EN

The rational management of credit risk constitutes the base for construction of the safe and credit portfolio of the bank. Principles of the credit risk management were established in legal documents for the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, of which the implementation to internal procedures is for the bank compulsory. A credit policy is a base of the credit risk management, in frames which priority directions of the credit share, adapted for appetite for the risk accepted by the supervisory board of the bank, are being established for. A system of internal limits, constituting the basic tool of the diversification of credit in many diameters is also an indispensable element of the structure of the secure credit portfolio. All these issues were discussed in the present article.

16

Racjonalność zachowań konsumentów w wieloagentowych modelach symulacyjnych

63%

Wawrzyniak A.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2017

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vol. 342

166-178

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki autorskiego badania racjonalności zachowań konsumentów. Jego celem było określenie ogólnych zasad modelowania zachowania konsumentów w systemach społeczno-gospodarczych na potrzeby budowy wieloagentowych modeli symulacyjnych. Przedmiotem badania były decyzje dotyczące zakupu wybranego produktu żywnościowego. Informacje niezbędne do analizy zachowań w sytuacjach decyzyjnych zgromadzono na podstawie ankiety. Do analizy zachowań konsumentów zastosowano metodę AHP, która pozwala sprowadzić złożony problem decyzyjny do skończonego zbioru kilku wariantów decyzyjnych, wykorzystując zarówno dane ilościowe, jak i jakościowe. Artykuł ma charakter empiryczny i poznawczy.

EN

The article presents results of authors own study of rationality of consumer behavior. Its main objective was to determine general principles of consumer behavior modeling in socio-economic systems that are necessary for building multi-agent simulation models. A subject of research was purchase decisions concerning chosen food product. Data necessary for analysis of behavior in decisive situations were collected from questionnaires. To analyse the data, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used. This method enables the fragmentation of the complex decision problem and the creation of final ranking. AHP uses quantitative data, as well as qualitative data. The article has an empirical and cognitive character.

17

Związki miar awersji do ryzyka z funkcjami zależnymi od parametrów rozkładu

63%

Kopańska-Bródka D.

Studia Ekonomiczne

|

2013

|

vol. 163

253-266

EN

The expected utility model (EU) and the mean-variance model (M-V) are the most common approaches to analyzing choices under uncertainty. These two models produce the preference relations which are only consistent under additional restrictions. Although the mean-variance preferences has been important in financial economics, such a concept of risk is not consistent with others. However, the decision makers select alternatives by comparing their risk, and various risk measures are employed. The main aim of the paper is to compare various concepts of measure of risk aversion and present some conditions providing consistency in the two approaches.

18

L'attualità e la novità dell'enciclica fides et ratio di giovanni paolo ii di fronte alle attuali sfide moderne

51%

Kopiec M. A.

Resovia Sacra : Studia Teologiczno-Filozoficzne Diecezji Rzeszowskiej

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2019

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issue 26

143-166

EN

The article presents the fundamental aspects of the encyclical Fides et ratio of John Paul II in relation to the historical and theological context of contemporary culture. It indicates current problems in the harmonious existence of societies functioning according to paradigms contrary to the absolute truth constituting the theological subject. The errors resulting from modernism (subjective rationalism, cognitive negation of faith) and postmodernism (relativization of truth, atheism and antitheism, reductionism of faith) are discussed here. The existential value of religious faith was explained as showing the correlation of meaning/sense and truth. In doing so, apologizing for the rational nature of faith. The truth was emphasized as a gift contained e received from God’s Revelation, necessary for discovering the sense of human reality.

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Rationality, Norms and Institutions: In Search of a Realistic Utopia

Racionalita ako základ duchovného rozvoja: Analýza alegorickej exegézy v Živote Mojžiša II,1–18 od Gregora z Nyssy

“Social Sciences” or “Disciplines of the Subject”?

Types of Rationality in Discourses on Work in (Post)Transformation Poland

Rationality as the condition of individual rights in David Gauthier’s "Morals by Agreement"

Edukacja wobec wartości życia politycznego. Problemy wybrane

Pragmatic Objectivity

O racjonalności działania w ujęciu Maksa Webera

Self-Preservation and Coloniality

Racjonalność w decyzjach konsumentów na współczesnym rynku

Racjonalność gospodarowania finansami osobistymi

Oblicza racjonalności w ekonomice usług

Kultura – gospodarka. Przestrzeń dla humanistów

Europa pomiędzy emocjami a racjonalnością: indeks zrównoważonego rozwoju dla europejskich krajów OECD

Racjonalność a ryzyko kredytowe w działalności bankowej

Racjonalność zachowań konsumentów w wieloagentowych modelach symulacyjnych

Związki miar awersji do ryzyka z funkcjami zależnymi od parametrów rozkładu

L'attualità e la novità dell'enciclica fides et ratio di giovanni paolo ii di fronte alle attuali sfide moderne