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1

Fiasko programu reform gospodarczych francuskiej lewicy

100%
Tokarski P.
Sprawy Międzynarodowe
|
2014
|
issue 3
73-87
EN
Several eurozone members still suffer from serious structural problems, the roots of which go back much further than the creation of the common currency or even the European Union itself. Although the challenges in France are much less significant than in Greece, Italy or Spain, halfway through the term of office of President François Hollande it is worth taking a moment to make an overall assessment of the process of economic reform in the country and the difficulties with it that lie ahead. This is important because in 2017 the country will hold parliamentary and presidential elections that will likely change the balance of power in Paris. The French political scene, both left and right, is in serious crisis, leaving fertile ground for the growth of the radical National Front party. That does not bode well for the possibility of reforms after 2017 and may contribute to the overall risk of undermining the future of the Economic and Monetary Union.
2
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Civil Society, Democracy and the European Citizens’ Initiative: What’s the Missing Link?

88%
Romito A. M.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2018
|
vol. 4
235-250
XX
Starting with an analysis of EU legal sources, this article will first highlight the rising interest in the participation of Civil Society in the EU integration process as a possible remedy to bridge the gap between supranational governance and citizens; in a second step, it will discuss the ambiguous use of the term “Civil Society” in the European debate. Hence it will present the role of Civil Society in the policymaking process as an organized actor in multilevel governance, specifically with regard to the European citizens’ initiatives (ECIs) (art. 11.4 TEU) launched so far. The article aims to analyze ECIs from the perspective of Civil Society participation at the EU level. In the conclusion, the article – on the limited issue of the ECI – draws some critical conclusions regarding the actual outcomes that the active promotion of Civil Society participation has achieved and some questions about the democratic added-value that Civil Society could bring to a more grounded legitimacy of EU decisions.
3

Social and Economic Development of Akoko Society under Colonial Rule

88%
Adeyeri J. O.
West Bohemian Historical Review
|
2022
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
63-79
EN
The Akoko people are domiciled in the eastern part of Ondo State, and northeast Yorubaland, Nigeria. In 1897, Akokoland was conquered and brought under British rule. The transformatory impact of British colonial rule, especially in relation to Akoko economy and society still require scholarly attention. Between 1897 and 1960, Akokoland underwent a considerable degree of socio-economic transformation under British rule. In the social sphere, Western education provided Akoko indigenes with the requisite training to take up employment in the local administration workforce. The introduction and promotion of Christianity by European/expatriate missionaries and the colonial officials significantly undermined Akoko traditional religion, which the Akoko people resisted albeit briefly and unsuccessfully. Economically, British rule bequeathed to Akokoland a modern road network, which marked a clear departure from the pre-colonial road system in terms of socio-economic utility value. This was, however, accompanied by the introduction and use of forced labour. The evolution and growth of cash crop economy and the introduction of British currency created a new commercial elite of Akoko middlemen, leading to higher purchasing power and the transformation of Akoko architecture. The intensive drive for cash crop production and the attendant scarcity of land resulted in frequent land disputes and food crisis. This study, therefore, examined the role of British rule in Akoko economy and society between 1897 and 1960, with a view to identifying the significant social and economic transformations during the study period. It concludes that British rule served as an agent of positive and negative socio-economic transformation in Akokoland.
4
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Propozycje zmian w systemie opodatkowania dochodów rolniczych w Polsce

75%
Wójtowicz K.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2016
|
vol. 294
212-224
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena konsekwencji fiskalnych czterech różnych wariantów wprowadzenia podatku dochodowego w rolnictwie (nawiązujących do propozycji środowisk eksperckich oraz projektu Ministerstwa Finansów z czerwca 2013 r.) i sformułowanie na tej podstawie własnych rekomendacji w zakresie docelowego modelu opodatkowania dochodów rolniczych w Polsce. Głównym wnioskiem jest to, że wszystkie scenariusze zmian prowadzić będą do zwiększenia poziomu obciążeń podatkowych gospodarstw rolnych w stosunku do obecnie opłacanego podatku rolnego. Jednocześnie najbardziej optymalnym scenariuszem reformy okazuje się objęcie dochodów rolniczych aktualnie obowiązującym podatkiem progresywnym (przy wyłączeniu z opodatkowania dopłat bezpośrednich i zaliczeniu podatku od nieruchomości do kosztów uzyskania przychodów).
EN
The purpose of the article is an evaluation of potential fiscal results of four various options of taxing agricultural incomes in Poland based on assumptions of the most popular proposals announced by the experts and the draft of the personal income tax act dating from 2013. Conducted analysis demonstrates that all of the new solutions would increase of the tax burden compared with agricultural tax currently paid. The most optimal options of the reform would be including agriculture incomes in the scope of the current progressive income tax (with the exclusion of EU direct payments and inclusion of property tax tin tax deductible expenses).
5
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Kníže Josef Václav z Lichtenštejna: Připomínka života významného diplomata, vojevůdce a reformátora(1696–1772)

51%
Al Saheb J.
Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)
|
2014
|
vol. 5
|
issue 1
57-67
EN
The paper aims to commemorate the life of Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein(1696–1772), a significant figure whose renown lies not only within the field of international diplomacy, but first and foremost in the military. The prince was a leading Habsburg diplomat, he worked e.g. as an ambassador in Paris and later in Berlin. He primarily bound his career to the milieu of the Habsburg army, in whose ranks he personally participated in European power struggles of the first half of the 18th century. He gained merit by a fundamental reform of the Habsburg artillery, which was to a large extent financed from his own funds.
6
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The New Devolution in Wales as a Result of Emerging the Small Nation

38%
Sopoćko P.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
|
2016
|
vol. 23
|
issue 1
EN
In this article, an author proves that devolution based on the national identity fosters political development in Wales. The main historical facts are briefly recalled, coming smoothly to Tony Blair’s reforms and their partly failure. Author considers them as irreversible process’ elements, later continued by David Cameron who saw them as vital to awake national identity of Wales. Such efforts finally result in economic success of the whole region, based on devolution of powers, as it is concluded at the end. 
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