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1

Mistyka i metafizyka światła. Szkic z myśli Pawła Florenskiego

100%

Sury P.

Estetyka i Krytyka

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2015

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issue 4(39)

71-84

EN

This essay discusses two meanings of the light’s nature which were questioned and interpret-ed in Pavel Florensky’s work Iconostasis – one of his most significant essays for philosophy of art. Florensky refers to iconography, to a light which is interpreted as a symbol and a ground for holy images. It is a ground without which icons could not be valued as a part of liturgy. Florensky also refers to Rembrandt’s works of art and light called and understood in this manner as a phosphorescence. This paper attempts to show in a short way only the part of a much bigger picture of the multi-layered Florensky’s thought about problem of light related to the pieces of fine art.

2

Two paintings by Rembrandt: “Girl in a picture frame” and “Scholar at his writing table” from the collection of the Royal Castle in Warsaw – history, examination and conservation

100%

Czernichowska J., Dmowska R., Nowicka A.

Opuscula Musealia

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2011

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vol. 19

9-23

EN

In 1994, the Warsaw Royal Castle was honoured with an unequalled artistic and historically valuable art collection in Poland – a donation from the Lanckoroński Family – including two paintings attributed to Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606–1660): Girl in a picture frame and Scholar at his writing table. The most precious of the Polish eighteenth century royal collection pieces were considered lost for about fifty years and that is why Rembrandt’s authorship was put into doubt, mostly as far as the Girl’s portrait is concerned. New research for an up-to-date attribution of both pictures became the main focus for the Warsaw Royal Castle team: between 2004 and 2006 the paintings were examined, treated and reattributed as a result of the cooperation of Polish scientists, conservators and art historians – under guidance of professor Ernst van de Wetering, the head of the Rembrandt Research Project. The two pictures are not typical portraits – they are depictions of unknown persons referred to by the Dutch term tronie. Both models are picturesquely depicted in historical costumes, a frequent Rembrandt feature. Since the 1994 Lanckoroński family donation, Rembrandt’s paintings were on display in the Warsaw Royal Castle, whose museum undertook a project concerning their thorough examination focusing on confirmation of their attribution to Rembrandt. Technical examinations of both paintings were carried out in Cracow and in Warsaw. Experience resulting from the conservation treatment of Rembrandt’s Landscape with the Merciful Samaritan from the Czartoryski Museum in Cracow was helpful to the Warsaw conservation project, as did the support from Martin Bijl, a restorer of Rembrandt’s paintings, a collaborator of the Rembrandt Research Project and former Head of the Conservation Department at the Rijksmuseum. An interpretation of the technical examinations results was consulted with Karin Groen from the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage, another collaborator of the R.R.P. The following types of examinations were carried out: observation in visible (day) light; normal, raking, reflected light and macro photography; IR examination; UV – induced luminescence of paint layers; X-ray examination; identification of wooden panels; stratigraphic analysis and examination of pigments, fillers and binders in samples from the paintings; microscopic and micro chemical analysis; analysis on cross-sections with a LMA 10 laser microspectral analyzer with a ruby laser; microscopic and microchemical analysis realization of scans and spectra images with the SEM-EDS method; examination of paint layer binders with GC-MS and FT-IR as a complementary technique IR absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatography in connection with gas spectrography.

3

Lekcja anatomii dra Nicolaesa Tulpa Rembrandta w Pierścieniach Saturna W.G. Sebalda

89%

Ziemba A.

Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa

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2014

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vol. 68

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issue 3-4(306-307)

159-160

EN

A footnote by an historian of art and expert on Rembrandt and seventeenth-century Dutch painting to a fragment of The Rings of Saturn, in which Sebald wrote about The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.

4

Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process to develop a scoring system for a set of continuous feasible alternatives in negotiation

88%

BRZOSTOWSKI J., ROSZKOWSKA E., WACHOWICZ T.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2012

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vol. 22

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issue 4

21-40

EN

The use of an Analytic Hierarchy Approach (AHP) for scoring offers in continuous negotiation problems has been studied. AHP has already proven its usefulness in constructing a ranking of alternatives in discrete decision making problems. In negotiations, however, some issues may have a quantitative character and be defined by feasible ranges, which results in uncountably large sets of feasible offers. This is a problem to which AHP cannot be applied in its original form. Therefore we propose an approach to building a scoring system that operates within AHP and a predefined discrete subset of feasible alternatives, then a method for determining global scores for all the feasible alternatives is proposed. When this subset has been built, the notion of border alternatives is applied. Assuming that these border alternatives have been ranked, single-issue utility functions are constructed using linear interpolation over the set of selected border alternatives. Single-issue utility functions are then aggregated using issue weights in order to form the final utility function. The issue weights are also determined using AHP. Such an approach means that a relatively small number of comparisons are required for a negotiator in AHP process to build a comprehensive scoring system, which makes the process of eliciting the negotiator’s preferences simple and rapid.

5

Analiza pigmentów i spoiw warstw malarskich obrazów Rembrandta van Rijn "Uczony przy pulpicie" i "Dziewczyna w ramie obrazu" ze zbiorów Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie

75%

Nowicka A., Zadrożna I.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2009

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issue 3

5-13

EN

From 2004 until 2000 in the Painting Conservation Study of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, the conservation of two tronie portraits The Scholar at the Lectern and The Girl in a Picture Frame, which are ascribed to Rembrandt and signed bv his name, date of creation: 1641, was performed. The paintings, which had belonged to the Lanckororiscy Family, were gifted to the Royal Castle in Warsaw in 1994 by Karolina Lanckororiska, together with other historic assets from her family collection. Before then, both works had been regarded as lost since World War II. This gave rise to doubts concerning their attribution, particularly with regard to the portrait of the woman. As a result, it was decided that comprehensive research work should be undertaken. The conservation works involved, among others, analyses of the paint layers and priming paints of both paintings, the results of which are discussed iti this publication. The analyses of the pigments and fillers, stratigraphie sections of samples, microscopic photographs and the interpretation of SEM-EDS spectrums were performed by mgr Anna Nowicka (Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw), the instrumental examinations of binders were performed by dr Irmina Zadrożna (Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, the Faculty of Chemistry of the Warsaw University of Technology), while the SEM- -FDS (scanning electron microscopy with energy' dispersive system) tests were performed by mgr Marek Wróbel (Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of tht‘ Warsaw University). The analysis of the binders was carried out using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, with the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FI 1R) analysis as a supplementary technology. Flit" main difficulty connected with the interpretation of the results obtained was the fact that faces in both paintings, but especially in the portrait of the woman, had been covered with numerous repaints dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries, or even, perhaps, to the 17th century. On the basis of th«; tests, it was discovered that the board on which The Scholar at the Lectern was created had been covered with a thin layer of priming paint, which contained a preponderance of white lead and a tiny amount of calcium carbonate. The binder of the priming ground was gluten glue to which nut oil had been added. A layer of weak yellow- brown imprimitura was applied onto the priming paint. The following pigments were found in the painting: white lead, lead-tin yellow, ferrite yellow, smalt, green earth, malachite, boneblack, bituminous bronze, iron oxide red, organic red, and chalk. The binder of the paint layers was nut oil. The painting The Girl in a Picture Frume was painted on the priming paint, applied in two layers; the first thicker layer contained chalk as a filler, whereas the second, thinner layer consisted mainly of white lead, with a tiny amount of chalk. In both layers, an emulsion binder, prepared on the basis of gluten glue and an unidentified oil, was used. The layer containing white lead is fatter. The painting was painted using the following pigments: white lead, ferrite yellow, green earth, boneblack, bituminous bronze, vermilion or cinnabar of natural origin, organic red, and chalk. The presence of nut oil and linseed oil was found. No remaining traces of the original varnish was found on faces of either painting. I ht; aforementioned analyses helped to obtain important information that, iu combination with the results of research work carried out by art historians and conservators, led to the formulation of the final conclusions confirming Rembrandt’s authorship in the case of both portraits.

6

Wspólna twarz – Różewicz, Rembrandt i starość

75%

Rosales Rodriguez A.

Przestrzenie Teorii

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2014

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issue 21

167-180

EN

This article proposes an interpretation of Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait as Zeuxis Laughing (Wallraf- -Richartz Museum, Cologne) as it appears in Tadeusz Różewicz’s poem Mirror. The 17th-century Dutch artist was known as a painter who portrayed the human body as it really is, i.e. with all its imperfections and changes that are brought about by the passage of time. He has also been regarded as a master who expressed the disappearance and decay of form (Simmel) and the anticipation of death (Malraux) by using an unconventional technique. Różewicz “appropriated” Rembrandt’s face to speak of the inevitability of getting old and dying, the limits of Logos and poetry as well as the powerlessness of a poet whose fatal destiny is to describe and testify to suffering. Rembrandt’s figure appears in a flash of light, but at the same time seems to melt into thick paint, to disappear, like the poet’s words on the surface of silence, thus suggestively representing the moment of the subject’s transformation and crossing the border between life and death, the artist’s withdrawal from the world and last breath as well as the limits of literature, i.e. the loss of discourse. In this poetic epiphany, Rembrandt is – let us refer to Harold Bloom’s famous concept of apophrades – the great dead returning in Różewicz’s work.

7

What the Polish Mother Does Not Say. Zbylut Grzywacz Against the Myth

75%

Kudelska D.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2019

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vol. 67

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issue 4: Historia sztuki - Selected Papers in English

103-123

EN

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 62, issue 4 (2014). The article presents the art of Zbylut Grzywacz in the context of his post-mortem exhibition in the Kraków National Museum in 2009. The subjects of the analysis are his paintings from the 1970s and 1980s, presenting women through a simple rough treatment of human body form, without an academic idealization. The destruction of the form conforms to the deconstruction of the myth of a Polish Mother. It is due to the change of a social position of the figures whom Grzywacz gives the roles of guardians of tradition, as well as due to their mental and moral degradation. The artist uses an irony in showing his knowledge of the tradition of showing a human body in an academic nude (what he denies), in a Flemish art of showing torn animal meat (with the Rembrandt’s reflection) and Holbein’s tradition of the post-mortem decay (The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb). One of the main themes in Grzywacz’s paintings is the loneliness, especially distinct in a representation of symbolically naked persons among insensible pedestrians. The Polish Mother—here she doesn’t belong to any society. The explicitness and the picturesque materiality covers a certain “crack” in the world presented inside the hard-to-comprehend present-day multitude of Grzywacz’s paintings. Behind the cover of the foreground tale, as one could think on the basis of the sketchbooks, there is a kind of an “unpresented world”, in which the author incessantly tells us about the pain of his existence with no anaesthetization by grotesque.

8

Admiration in Place of Imitation: Four Medallions by Gustaw Herling-Grudziński

75%

Śniedziewska M.

Czytanie Literatury. Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze

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2019

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issue 8

113-129

EN

The medallions devoted to Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer, and Ribera are a major collection of texts within Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s entire output. Through them, he proved that he was able to write a moving text about painting while avoiding both the academic tone and flaunting his knowledge, as well as the dangers of ekphrasis transforming too often into irksome detailed inventories of the elements of a painter’s presentation. The decision to refer to these texts as medallions was equally a genological concept and a clever hedge, and a starting point for a discussion on the ambiguity of the very notion of a medallion. Herling-Grudziński would not have been himself if he had abandoned autobiographical reflections. When considering artists and their works ‘from aside’, he multiplied assumptions, proposed apocryphal versions of some biographical threads, and formulated bold unverifiable hypotheses – this was because he sided with a literary story, not an academic discourse.

9

O czym nie mówi Matka Polka. Zbylut Grzywacz kontra mit

71%

Kudelska D.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 4: Historia Sztuki

147-167

EN

The article presents the art of Zbylut Grzywacz in the context of his post-mortem exhibition in the Cracow National Museum in 2009. The subjects of the analysis are his paintings from the years 70’s and 80’s of the 20th century, presenting women through a simple rough treatment of human body form, without an academic idealization. The destruction of the form conforms to the deconstruction of the myth of a Polish Mother. It is due to the change of a social position of the heroines, who are given by Grzywacz the roles of the guardians of tradition, as well as to their mental and moral degradation. The artist uses an irony in showing his knowledge of the tradition of showing a human body in an academic nude (what he denies), in a Flemish art of showing torn animal meat (with the Rembrand’s reflection) and the Holbeinish tradition of the post-mortem decay (Christ in His Grave). One of the main themes in Grzywacz’s paintings is the loneliness, specially distinct in a representation of symbolically naked persons among insensible pedestrians. The Polish Mother – here doesn’t belong to any society. The explicitness and the picturesque materiality covers a certain “crack” in the world presented inside the hard to comprehend nowadays multitude of Grzywacz’s paintings. Behind the cover of the foreground tale, as one could think on the basis of the sketchbooks, there is a kind of an “unpresented world”, in which the author incessantly tells us about the pain of his existence with no anaesthetization by grotesque.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje twórczość Zbyluta Grzywacza w kontekście dużej pośmiertnej wystawy jego dzieł w Muzeum narodowym w Krakowie w 2009 r. Przedmiotem analizy są obrazy z lat 70. i 80. XX w. przedstawiające kobiety przez brutalnie szczere traktowanie materii ciał, bez akademickiej idealizacji. Destrukcji formy odpowiada dekonstrukcja mitu Matki Polki. Dzieje się to zarówno przez zmianę pozycji społecznej bohaterek, którym Grzywacz powierza rolę strażniczek tradycji jak i przez ich ograniczenia mentalne oraz moralną degradację. Malarz posługuję się ironią, grającą znajomością tradycji pokazywania ciała w akcie akademickim (co neguje), we flamandzkiej sztuce przedstawiania rozpłatanego mięsa zwierząt (wraz z refleksją Rembrandta ) oraz holbeinowskiej tradycji pośmiertnego rozkładu (Chrystus w Grobie). Jednym z głównych motywów obrazów Grzywacza jest samotność, szczególnie wyrazista w przedstawieniach symbolicznie nagich postaci wśród obojętnych ulicznych przechodniów. Matka Polka - tu nie należy do żadnej wspólnoty. Dosadność i obrazowa materialność przykrywa jakieś „pęknięcie” w świecie przedstawionym, wewnątrz trudnej dziś do ogarnięcia mnogości obrazów Grzywacza. Za tą tarczą pierwszoplanowej opowieści, jak można sądzić ze szkicowników znajduje się jeszcze jakiś „świat nieprzedstawiony”, świat, w którym autor nieustannie opowiada nam o swoim bólu istnienia bez znieczulenia groteską.

10

«Ночной дозор идет по Амстердаму»: картина Рембрандта в лирическом сюжете

63%

Малкина В.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

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2022

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issue 15

141-152

EN

This paper is devoted to the problem of visual representation in a lyric text. The main problem that is solved in the paper is the following: how is Rembrandt Van Rijn’s painitng titled Performance of the rifle company of Captain Frans Banning Kok and Lieutenant Willem Van Ruytenburg (1642) – better known in the history of culture as The Night Watch – presented in the lyrical plot of poems by various authors. The material of the paper consists of the works in which the painting by Rembrandt is in the centre of the lyrical plot, but not merely mentioned. These include: Alexander Kushner’s poem “The Night Watch” (1966), the song “The Night Watch” by King Crimson (1974), “Ayreon’s” song “The Shooting Company of Captain Frans B. Cocq” (2000), and Alexander Gorodnitsky’s poem “The Night Watch: Painting by Rembrandt van Rijn” (2019). To achieve the goal, several tasks are solved in the paper. First, the conceptual apparatus is determined, which includes categories such as ekphrasis, lyric plot, and the visual in literature. Second, the selected texts are analysed from the point of view of the use of Rembrandt’s paintings in them. And, finally, the works are compared with each other and a conclusion is made about what features the The Night Watch paining acquires, falling into the context of a lyric poem.

RU

Статья посвящена проблеме репрезентации визуального в лирическом тексте. Основная проблема, которая решается в статье, – как представлена картина Рембрандта ван Рейна Выступление стрелковой роты капитана Франса Баннинга Кока и лейтенанта Виллема ван Рёйтенбюрга (1642), больше известная в истории культуры как Ночной дозор, в лирическом сюжете стихотворений различных авторов. Материалом статьи являются произведения, в которых картина Рембрандта не просто упоминается, а находится в центре лирического сюжета: стихотворение Александра Кушнера Ночной дозор (1966), песня The Night Watch группы King Crimson (1974), песня The Shooting Company of Captain Frans B. Cocq проекта Ayreon (2000) и стихотворение Александра Городницкого Ночной дозор: Картина Рембрандта ван Рейна (2019). Для достижения цели в статье решается ряд задач. Вопервых, определяется понятийный аппарат, в который входят такие категории, как экфрасис, лирический сюжет, визуальное в литературе. Во-вторых, анализируются выбранные тексты, с точки зрения использования в них картины Рембрандта. И, наконец, в процессе сопоставления произведений делается вывод о том, какие особенности обретает картина Ночной дозор, попадая в контекст лирического стихотворения.

11

Nadzwyczajna zwyczajność. Rembrandt rytownik. Nowatorstwo wobec tradycji

51%

Tomicka J. A.

Artifex Novus

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2019

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issue 3

114-129

EN

The scientific interests of Rev. Professor Janusz Pasierb revolved mostly around questions related to Polish art, often in the perspective of European interconnections, inspirations, as well as differences. The present study has been inspired by an observation by Rev. Professor Pasierb made in reference to a sphere of human activity unrelated to art. Describing in one of his papers the figure of Bishop Konstantyn Dominik (1870–1942), Professor Pasierb employed the phrase extraordinary ordinariness17. In the present text, this term will be used to discuss an artist whose oeuvre depicts ‘extraordinary ordinariness’ in the most multi-aspected and spectacular way. Rembrandt van Rijn was at once a traditionalist and innovator, both in regard to the range of employed subjects and compositional schemes and his craftsmanship. His knowledge of the achievements of his forerunners, continuously developed, inspired his own artistic quest. Despite the fact that he was a painter in the period when elaborated allegory was universally employed, he insisted on the realism of scenes and directness of compositions in order to bring out the extra-sensual dimension, based on symbolism hidden in prosaic life. His works open spaces of universal experiences and feelings, at the same time inclining us to pose questions concerning their complex intellectual interpretation or Rembrandt’s technique. His mastery is equally palpable in his biblical compositions, landscapes or brilliant psychological portraits, while each of the genres was depicted by him both in painting and in graphic arts, which was rare in the times when most artists specialized in only one medium, or even in one genre, like portraits or landscapes, in one medium. Rembrandt is one of the artists referred to as painters-engravers (peintre-graveur), like Albrecht Dürer or Lucas van Leyden before him. In graphic arts in particular, he introduced new technical and compositional solutions, issuing works that often astound with their innovative approach and extremely individual interpretation. Rembrandt’s versatility in terms of addressing various genres is particularly visible in his prints. Certain subjects were resumed by him as he looked for ever new solutions. Several chosen examples of graphic works depicting religious themes combining in various aspects traditionalism and innovation will be discussed to illustrate Rembrandt’s iconographic, compositional and technical concepts and search.

PL

Zainteresowania naukowe ks. prof. Janusza Pasierba koncentrowały się głównie wokół zagadnień sztuki polskiej, często w perspektywie jej europejskich powiązań, inspiracji, a także różnic. Niniejszy artykuł powstał z inspiracji uwagą ks. Prof. Pasierba odnoszącą się do sfery działalności człowieka niezwiązanej ze sztuką. Profesor Pasierb, opisując w jednym ze swoich referatów postać biskupa Konstantyna Dominika (1870–1942), użył określenia „nadzwyczajna zwyczajność”. W niniejszym artykule termin ten zostanie zastosowany wobec artysty, którego twórczość przedstawia „nadzwyczajną zwyczajność” w najbardziej wieloaspektowy i spektakularny sposób. Rembrandt van Rijn był zarazem tradycjonalistą i innowatorem, zarówno jeśli chodzi o zakres tematyczny, schematy kompozycyjne, jak i warsztat. Nieustannie pogłębiana wiedza o poprzednikach była inspiracją dla jego własnych artystycznych dokonań. Choć działał w okresie, gdy powszechnie stosowano rozbudowane alegorie, kładł nacisk na realizm scen i bezpośredniość kompozycji, aby dosięgać wymiaru pozazmysłowego dzięki symbolice ukrytej w przejawach życia codziennego. Jego prace otwierają przestrzeń uniwersalnych przeżyć i uczuć, jednocześnie skłaniając nas do stawiania pytań o ich złożoną intelektualną interpretację czy technikę. Jego mistrzostwo znajduje wyraz zarówno w kompozycjach biblijnych, pejzażach i błyskotliwych portretach psychologicznych, a każdy z tych gatunków uprawiany był przez niego tak w malarstwie, jak i grafice, co w czasach, gdy większość artystów specjalizowała się w jednym tylko medium – a nawet gatunku jak portret czy krajobraz – należało do rzadkości. Rembrandt jest jednym z artystów zaliczanych do malarzy-rytowników (peintre-graveur), jak przed nim Albrecht Dürer czy Lucas van Leyden. To właśnie w grafice wprowadzał nowe rozwiązania techniczne i kompozycyjne, tworząc prace, które często zachwycają nowatorskim podejściem i niezwykle indywidualną interpretacją. Szczególnie widoczna w jego grafikach jest także wszechstronność w odwoływaniu się do różnych gatunków. Poszukując coraz to nowych rozwiązań, powracał do pewnych tematów. W niniejszym artykule zostanie omówionych kilka wybranych przykładów prac graficznych przedstawiających tematy religijne, łączących w różnych aspektach tradycjonalizm i innowacje, w celu zilustrowania koncepcji i poszukiwań ikonograficznych, kompozycyjnych i technicznych Rembrandta.

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Mistyka i metafizyka światła. Szkic z myśli Pawła Florenskiego

Two paintings by Rembrandt: “Girl in a picture frame” and “Scholar at his writing table” from the collection of the Royal Castle in Warsaw – history, examination and conservation

Lekcja anatomii dra Nicolaesa Tulpa Rembrandta w Pierścieniach Saturna W.G. Sebalda

Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process to develop a scoring system for a set of continuous feasible alternatives in negotiation

Analiza pigmentów i spoiw warstw malarskich obrazów Rembrandta van Rijn "Uczony przy pulpicie" i "Dziewczyna w ramie obrazu" ze zbiorów Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie

Wspólna twarz – Różewicz, Rembrandt i starość

What the Polish Mother Does Not Say. Zbylut Grzywacz Against the Myth

Admiration in Place of Imitation: Four Medallions by Gustaw Herling-Grudziński

O czym nie mówi Matka Polka. Zbylut Grzywacz kontra mit

«Ночной дозор идет по Амстердаму»: картина Рембрандта в лирическом сюжете

Nadzwyczajna zwyczajność. Rembrandt rytownik. Nowatorstwo wobec tradycji