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JOHANN VALENTIN MEDER (1649-1719) MUZYK WĘDRUJĄCY

100%
Gugnowska K.
Ars inter Culturas
|
2014
|
issue 3
13-27
EN
The aim of the paper is to present a biography of relatively unknown composer – Johann Valentin Meder. The title of this article indicates the composer’s penchant for changing places of living, which makes him unique among other baroque composers. He spent most of his life in three European cities: Reval (currently Tallinn), Gdańsk, and Riga. Born in Wasungen (Germany), he visited: Leipzig, Jena, Gotha, Copenhagen, Rotenburg, Kassel, Brema, Hamburg, Lübeck, Mitau, Kaliningrad (Königsberg), and Braunsberg. The lack of any sources in Polish deems this project worthy of scholarly investigation.
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Rewel (Tallinn) w planach Zygmunta Augusta

85%
Jeziorski P. A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
|
2014
|
issue 21
23-49
PL
Rewel (współczesny Tallinn) w połowie XVI w. należał do grona największych miast Inflant. Ten ważny port morski, odgrywający kluczową rolę w hanzeatyckim handlu z Rosją, składał się z silnie ufortyfikowanego miasta i zamku. Po ataku wojsk Iwana Groźnego na Inflanty w 1558 r., mieszkańcy Rewla – wobec słabości zakonu inflanckiego – szybko odczuli zagrożenie ze strony brutalnego agresora. Szukając pomocy u ościennych państw, władze Rewla zwracały się do Szwecji i Danii, nie otrzymując wsparcia. Sytuacja zmieniła się, gdy w konflikt inflancki zaangażował się król Zygmunt August, dążący do opanowania całości ziem inflanckich. Doceniał on znaczenie Rewla jako najważniejszego portu północnych Inflant, umożliwiającego szybki dowóz żywności, broni oraz żołnierzy dla walczących. Uwikłany w gry dyplomatyczne Zygmunta August przegapił najdogodniejszy moment do opanowania Rewla. Wykorzystał to nowy król Szwecji, Eryk XIV Waza, który w 1561 r. opanował Rewel i pewną część Harii i Wironii. Działania podjęte przez Zygmunta Augusta, mające na celu odzyskanie Rewla, nie przyniosły oczekiwanych efektów, również w związku z niechęcią władz i mieszkańców miasta do przejścia pod rządy litewskie. Borykający się z problemami finansowymi polski władca, ostatecznie nie zdołał odzyskać Rewla ani na drodze dyplomatycznych pertraktacji (kongres szczeciński w 1570 r.), ani przy pomocy siły. Utratę Rewla i dopuszczenie do opanowania dużej części Estonii przez Szwedów uznać trzeba za jeden z ważniejszych jego błędów, skutkujący w przyszłości utratą większej części ziem inflanckich.
EN
Reval city (modern Tallinn) in the middle of the 16th c. was one of the largest cities of Livonia. This important seaport, which played a key role in the Hanseatic trade with Russia, consisted of a strongly fortified city and castle. After invasion of the army of Ivan the Terrible into Livonia in 1558, the residents of Reval – facing the weakness of the Livonian Order – quickly felt the threat of a violent aggressor. Looking for help from neighboring countries, the authorities of Reval turned to Sweden and Denmark for help but were not granted any support. The situation changed when in the Livonian conflict became involved King Sigismund Augustus, who strived to rule the whole Livonian lands. He appreciated the importance of Reval city as the most important port on the northern Livonia, enabling rapid delivery of food, weapons and soldiers for fighting. Involved in the diplomatic game Sigismund Augustus missed most convenient moment to get control over Reval city. The moment was seized by the new king of Sweden, Erik XIV Vasa, who in 1561, conquered Reval and a portion of Harrien (Harju) and Wierland (Virumaa). Action taken by Sigismund Augustus, to get control over Reval, did not bring the expected results, also due to the reluctance of the authorities and inhabitants of the city to pass under the rule of Lithuania. Struggling with financial problems Polish king ultimately failed to recover Reval through diplomatic negotiations (Szczecin Congress in 1570), as well as, by force. The loss of Reval city and acceptance of the Swedish rule over a large part of the Estonia must be regarded as one of the most important errors of King Sigismund Augustus, resulting in the loss of the greater part of the Livonian lands.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Rewel (Tallinn) w planach Zygmunta Augusta

85%
Jeziorski P. A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
|
2014
|
issue 21
23-49
EN
Reval city (modern Tallinn) in the middle of the 16th c. was one of the largest cities of Livonia. This important seaport, which played a key role in the Hanseatic trade with Russia, consisted of a strongly fortified city and castle. After invasion of the army of Ivan the Terrible into Livonia in 1558, the residents of Reval – facing the weakness of the Livonian Order – quickly felt the threat of a violent aggressor. Looking for help from neighboring countries, the authorities of Reval turned to Sweden and Denmark for help but were not granted any support. The situation changed when in the Livonian conflict became involved King Sigismund Augustus, who strived to rule the whole Livonian lands. He appreciated the importance of Reval city as the most important port on the northern Livonia, enabling rapid delivery of food, weapons and soldiers for fighting. Involved in the diplomatic game Sigismund Augustus missed most convenient moment to get control over Reval city. The moment was seized by the new king of Sweden, Erik XIV Vasa, who in 1561, conquered Reval and a portion of Harrien (Harju) and Wierland (Virumaa). Action taken by Sigismund Augustus, to get control over Reval, did not bring the expected results, also due to the reluctance of the authorities and inhabitants of the city to pass under the rule of Lithuania. Struggling with financial problems Polish king ultimately failed to recover Reval through diplomatic negotiations (Szczecin Congress in 1570), as well as, by force. The loss of Reval city and acceptance of the Swedish rule over a large part of the Estonia must be regarded as one of the most important errors of King Sigismund Augustus, resulting in the loss of the greater part of the Livonian lands.
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