Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 12

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Riga
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
XX
Wszystkie strony zaangażowane w konflikt w Inflantach w połowie XVI w. chciały czerpać zyski z handlu ze Wschodem i dążyły do opanowania ważnego punktu strategicznego i handlowego, jakim była Ryga. Propozycje poddania się i gwarancje zachowania dotychczasowych praw składali miastu wysłannicy cara moskiewskiego Iwana Groźnego, księcia duńskiego Magnusa, króla szwedzkiego Eryka XIV oraz króla polskiego Zygmunta Augusta. Mimo formalnego podporządkowania zakonowi krzyżackiemu i arcybiskupowi Ryga prowadziła politykę niezależną, a nawet sprzeczną z poczynaniami swoich panów feudalnych. W 1561 r. nie poszła w ich ślady i nie złożyła hołdu królowi, na czym tak bardzo zależało Zygmuntowi Augustowi i Litwinom. Kontrola Dźwiny leżała w żywotnym interesie litewskiej szlachty, która liczyła na stworzenie szlaku wodnego, odpowiadającego znaczeniu Wisły w Koronie i na wzrost eksportu surowców z północnych obszarów księstwa. Ryga uzależniła podporządkowanie się nowemu władcy od spełnienia kilku warunków. Oprócz zatwierdzenia dawnych przywilejów i swobody wyznaniowej dla konfesji ewangelickiej miasto zażądało gwarancji ochrony przed restrykcjami cesarza i książąt Rzeszy, domagało się podporządkowania Inflant Koronie a nie, zbyt słabej jego zdaniem, Litwie. Wymagane gwarancje otrzymało w tzw. „Cautio Radziviliana prior”, wydanym przez wojewodę wileńskiego Mikołaja „Czarnego” Radziwiłła 8 IX 1561 r. Obietnice te nie zostały spełnione, dlatego delegacja ryska, w przeciwieństwie do swych zwierzchników Gottharda Kettlera i arcybiskupa Wilhelma oraz stanów inflanckich, nie złożyła Zygmuntowi Augustowi hołdu 28 XI 1561 r. W tej sytuacji Radziwiłł podjął starania o podporządkowanie Rygi bezpośrednio Zygmuntowi Augustowi. Po długich negocjacjach miasto zgodziło się na „warunkowe” poddanie i złożenie przysięgi wierności, która miała obowiązywać, gdy zostaną spełnione złożone obietnice. Znalazły się one w „Cautio Radziviliana posteriori” wystawionym przez Radziwiłła 17 III 1562 r. Niechęć Korony do zaangażowania się w sprawy inflanckie, klęski wojsk litewskich oraz obietnice bez pokrycia spowodowały, że miasto uznało się za zwolnione z przysięgi wobec władcy. Przeciwna podporządkowaniu się Rygi Zygmuntowi Augustowi była głównie opozycja mieszczańska. Z obawy przed wzmocnieniem pozycji rady miejskiej, ekspansją szlachty i utratą przywilejów blokowała poddanie się Litwie i królowi. Była nie tyle przeciwko jego zwierzchnictwu, co przeciwko jakiejkolwiek silnej władzy zwierzchniej. Jak długo rada potrzebowała poparcia gildii w uchwalaniu podatków na spłaty kontrybucji wojennych, na wojsko czy rozbudowę fortyfikacji, tak długo Ryga prowadziła konsekwentną, separatystyczną politykę. Było to możliwe do 1581 r.
EN
All parties involved in the conflict in Livonia in the mid-sixteenth century, wanted to profit from trade with the East, and strived to control the important strategic and commercial point - Riga. Proposals to surrender and guarantees to keep existing rights were made by envoys of Moscow Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Danish prince Magnus, the Swedish King Erik XIV and the Polish King Sigismund Augustus. Despite the formal subordination of the Teutonic Order and the Archbishop, Riga led independent and even contrary to the actions of its feudal lords policy. In 1561, Riga did not follow them and did not make a tribute to the king on which Sigismund Augustus and Lithuanians counted. Control of the Daugava was in the vital interest of the Lithuanian nobles, who expected creation of navigable channel of corresponding importance to the Vistula River in the Crown and the increase in exports of raw materials from the northern part of principality. Riga made the submission to the new ruler conditional on a number of stipulations. In addition to the approval of the old privileges and religious freedom for the Lutheran confessions the city of Riga demanded a guarantee of protection against restrictions of the emperor and princes of the Reich, and the subordination of Livonia to Poland, not to Lithuania that was too weak in Riga’s opinion. The necessary guarantees were granted by so called "Cautio Radziviliana prior", issued by the governor of Vilna Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł on September 8th , 1561. These promises were not fulfilled, so the delegation of the city of Riga had not make a tribute to Sigismund Augustus on November 28th, 1561, opposed to its superiors: Gotthard Kettler, and Archbishop Wilhelm and Livonian states. In this situation Radziwill tried to surrender Riga directly Sigismund Augustus. After lengthy negotiations, the city agreed to a "conditional" surrender and an oath of fidelity, which would have been in force only when the promises had been fulfilled. Promises were included in "Cautio Radziviliana posteriori", issued by Radziwiłł on March 17th, 1562. The reluctance of the Crown to engage in the affairs of Livonian, defeat of Lithuanian army and hollow promises caused that the city considered itself to be exempt from the oath to the king. The middle-class opposition was against subjection the city of Riga to Sigismund Augustus. They blocked submission to Lithuania and the King for fear of strengthening the position of the city council, the expansion of the nobility and loss of privileges. They were not so much against King’s sovereignty, as against any strong public authority. As long did the council need support of the guild in adopting contribution taxes for war, the army and the development of the fortifications, as long Riga ran a consistent, separatist politics. It was possible to 1581.
EN
All parties involved in the conflict in Livonia in the mid-sixteenth century, wanted to profit from trade with the East, and strived to control the important strategic and commercial point - Riga. Proposals to surrender and guarantees to keep existing rights were made by envoys of Moscow Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Danish prince Magnus, the Swedish King Erik XIV and the Polish King Sigismund Augustus. Despite the formal subordination of the Teutonic Order and the Archbishop, Riga led independent and even contrary to the actions of its feudal lords policy. In 1561, Riga did not follow them and did not make a tribute to the king on which Sigismund Augustus and Lithuanians counted. Control of the Daugava was in the vital interest of the Lithuanian nobles, who expected creation of navigable channel of corresponding importance to the Vistula River in the Crown and the increase in exports of raw materials from the northern part of principality. Riga made the submission to the new ruler conditional on a number of stipulations. In addition to the approval of the old privileges and religious freedom for the Lutheran confessions the city of Riga demanded a guarantee of protection against restrictions of the emperor and princes of the Reich, and the subordination of Livonia to Poland, not to Lithuania that was too weak in Riga’s opinion. The necessary guarantees were granted by so called "Cautio Radziviliana prior", issued by the governor of Vilna Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł on September 8th , 1561. These promises were not fulfilled, so the delegation of the city of Riga had not make a tribute to Sigismund Augustus on November 28th, 1561, opposed to its superiors: Gotthard Kettler, and Archbishop Wilhelm and Livonian states. In this situation Radziwill tried to surrender Riga directly Sigismund Augustus. After lengthy negotiations, the city agreed to a "conditional" surrender and an oath of fidelity, which would have been in force only when the promises had been fulfilled. Promises were included in "Cautio Radziviliana posteriori", issued by Radziwiłł on March 17th, 1562. The reluctance of the Crown to engage in the affairs of Livonian, defeat of Lithuanian army and hollow promises caused that the city considered itself to be exempt from the oath to the king. The middle-class opposition was against subjection the city of Riga to Sigismund Augustus. They blocked submission to Lithuania and the King for fear of strengthening the position of the city council, the expansion of the nobility and loss of privileges. They were not so much against King’s sovereignty, as against any strong public authority. As long did the council need support of the guild in adopting contribution taxes for war, the army and the development of the fortifications, as long Riga ran a consistent, separatist politics. It was possible to 1581.
EN
The article concerns the “municipal military articles” – regulations issued or accepted by the town council for military forces employed by the town. This type of standard act developed in the early modern period mainly in the Reich, the Swiss Confederacy in the Apennine Peninsula and in the Polish Rzeczpospolita. As far as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is concerned, we are familiar with military articles issued by the council of Gdańsk, Riga and Toruń. The regulations of Riga for the Landsknechte, unknown in historiography, were created at the end of 1600; the ceremony of their acceptance by a team of 800 people took place on 12 January 1601. The regulations were in force probably as long as Riga remained within the borders of the Polish Rzeczpospolita. The text of Artikelbrief coincides with German law. Probably the regulations followed the model of Prussian articles written by Albrecht Hohenzollern included in Kriegsordnung. The military articles of Riga helped to maintain a high level of military discipline during military campaigns in Livonia. When set behind the troops of the Polish Crown and Lithuania, the soldiers of Riga behaved relatively peacefully. The most spectacular crimes were harshly judged and sentences were executed, which at that time was quite rare. Special emphasis was given to the issue of military expeditions, which was an uncharacteristic solution when compared with other “municipal military articles”. Attention should be drawn to a regulation which prohibited undertaking attacks against allied armies, the equivalents of which were to be found in Lithuanian and Polish articles issued at that time (1601).
EN
The article presents general conditions of the housing stock in Latvia and Russia by the example of the cities of Riga and Saint Petersburg and presents analysis of conducting capital repairs (renovation) in multi-apartment buildings of typical design built during the Soviet era in both countries. The article draws attention to the necessity of forwarding capital repairs and implementation of energy efficiency programs for residential buildings. The authors implemented methods of statistical and economic analysis and expert evaluation. In conclusion, the authors justified presence of high potential growth for labor market that can be achieved by developing process of housing stock renovation. As the result of this research, the authors have concluded that investigation of Latvia’s and Russia’s experience in the field of conducting capital repairs and implementing energy efficiency programs for residential buildings can create conditions for making optimal choices in this field for both countries. This work can be of interest to the cities of all the post-Soviet countries where residential districts were built up by the Soviet multi-apartment buildings of typical design.
PL
Obchodzony w 2011 r. jubileusz 450. lecia związków Inflant z Polską i Litwą jest dobrą okazją do przypomnienia, że terytoria inflanckie, także w składzie Rzeczypospolitej, nie były ustrojową jednością, że składały się na nie różne obszary o różnym statusie. Przekładało się to na wytwarzany na tych obszarach materiał źródłowy i zachowane archiwa. Niniejszy tekst poświęcony jest archiwum powiatu piltyńskiego, terytorium, które od schyłku XVI w. do 1795 r. pozostawało w związku z polsko–litewską Rzeczpospolitą, ale którego dzieje są stosunkowo mało znane. Dzieje powiatu piltyńskiego w sposób interesujący ilustrują charakter istniejących wewnętrznych powiązań w ramach państwa polsko–litewskiego. Dzieje jego archiwum, które zostało po raz pierwszy w polskiej literaturze historycznej opisane przez Gustawa Manteuffla w 1884 roku i które – jak się okazało w latach 80. XX w. – jest w dużym stopniu zachowane w Łotewskim Państwowym Archiwum Historycznym w Rydze, są z kolei ciekawym przykładem losów zbiorów archiwalnych w Europie Środkowej na przestrzeni ostatnich dwu stuleci. Rozważania w niniejszym artykule odwołują się do kwerendy przeprowadzonej w archiwum powiatu piltyńskiego w związku z przygotowaniem przez autora wydanej w 2004 r. monografii sejmiku piltyńskiego z lat 1617–1717.
EN
The 450th anniversary of the union of Livonia with Poland and Lithuania, which was celebrated in 2011, was a good opportunity to recall that the Livonian territories being a part of Poland, were not an adminitrative unity; these were different units of different status. This is pictured in created at that territory source material and preserved archives. This text is devoted the archives of Piltene district (Districtus Regii Piltensis), that of the late 16th c. to 1795, was in connection with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but which history is relatively unknown. History of the Piltene district is an interesting picture of internal relations within the Polish-Lithuanian state. Similarly, history of the archive, which was the first time in Polish historical literature described by Gustav Manteuffel in 1884, is an interesting example of the fate of archival collections in the Central Europe over the past two centuries. Than it turned out in the 80s of 20th century that this archive is largely preserved in the Latvian State Historical Archives in Riga. The considerations in this article refer to the query performed in the archives of the Piltene district in connection with the preparation of monograph of the Piltene dietine (sejmik) from the years 1617-1717 that was published in 2004.
PL
W artykule omówiono zasób archiwum książąt kurlandzkich, które obecnie – jako fond 554 – jest przechowywane w Łotewskim Państwowym Archiwum Historycznym (Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhivs) w Rydze. Dotychczas polscy historycy korzystali z nich w bardzo niewielkim zakresie, chociaż archiwum to zawiera wiele cennych materiałów do historii Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w XVII w. Do najcenniejszych poloników należy zaliczyć bardzo bogate zbiory korespondencji kolejnych książąt z rodu Kettlerów z polskimi królami z dynastii Wazów oraz czołowymi przedstawicielami magnaterii koronnej (polskiej) i litewskiej. W zasobie tym znajdują się także interesujące materiały źródłowe do dziejów konfliktu militarnego Rzeczypospolitej ze Szwecją, poczynając od kampanii 1621 r. aż po koniec II wojny północnej w 1660 r. Wielką wartość posiadają również materiały dyplomatyczne, głównie raporty nadsyłane przez rezydentów Kettlerów z dworu królewskiego (przede wszystkim Jana III Sobieskiego), a także dokumenty ukazujące politykę, jaką książęta kurlandzcy prowadzili w stosunku do swoich sąsiadów (Rzeczypospolitej, Moskwy, Szwecji, Brandenburgii), usiłując zachować neutralność i pozory niezależności w dobie wielkich konfliktów zachodzących w XVII w. w tej części Europy.
EN
The article discusses the holdings of the princes of Courland Archives , which is stored - as fond 554 - at the Latvian State Historical Archives (Latvijas Valsts vestures arhivs) in Riga. So far, the Polish historians have used these records to a small extent., although this archive contains many valuable materials for the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century. The most valuable Polonica include a vast collection of correspondence between the princes of the Kettlers Family and the Polish kings of the Vasa dynasty as well as with the leading representatives of the Polish and Lithuanian magnates. This collection includes some interesting source material for the history of the military conflict with Sweden, as of the campaign of 1621, until the end of the Second Northern War in 1660. Great value have also diplomatic records, mostly reports submitted by the representatives of the Kettlers at the royal court (especially of Jan III Sobieski), as well as documents showing the policy of the princes of Courland towards its neighbors (Poland, Moscow, Sweden, Brandenburg), and their attempts to appear neutral and independent in times of great conflict taking place in the 17thc. in this part of Europe.
EN
The article discusses the holdings of the princes of Courland Archives , which is stored - as fond 554 - at the Latvian State Historical Archives (Latvijas Valsts vestures arhivs) in Riga. So far, the Polish historians have used these records to a small extent., although this archive contains many valuable materials for the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century. The most valuable Polonica include a vast collection of correspondence between the princes of the Kettlers Family and the Polish kings of the Vasa dynasty as well as with the leading representatives of the Polish and Lithuanian magnates. This collection includes some interesting source material for the history of the military conflict with Sweden, as of the campaign of 1621, until the end of the Second Northern War in 1660. Great value have also diplomatic records, mostly reports submitted by the representatives of the Kettlers at the royal court (especially of Jan III Sobieski), as well as documents showing the policy of the princes of Courland towards its neighbors (Poland, Moscow, Sweden, Brandenburg), and their attempts to appear neutral and independent in times of great conflict taking place in the 17thc. in this part of Europe.
EN
The 450th anniversary of the union of Livonia with Poland and Lithuania, which was celebrated in 2011, was a good opportunity to recall that the Livonian territories being a part of Poland, were not an adminitrative unity; these were different units of different status. This is pictured in created at that territory source material and preserved archives. This text is devoted the archives of Piltene district (Districtus Regii Piltensis), that of the late 16th c. to 1795, was in connection with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but which history is relatively unknown. History of the Piltene district is an interesting picture of internal relations within the Polish-Lithuanian state. Similarly, history of the archive, which was the first time in Polish historical literature described by Gustav Manteuffel in 1884, is an interesting example of the fate of archival collections in the Central Europe over the past two centuries. Than it turned out in the 80s of 20th century that this archive is largely preserved in the Latvian State Historical Archives in Riga. The considerations in this article refer to the query performed in the archives of the Piltene district in connection with the preparation of monograph of the Piltene dietine (sejmik) from the years 1617-1717 that was published in 2004.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present a biography of relatively unknown composer – Johann Valentin Meder. The title of this article indicates the composer’s penchant for changing places of living, which makes him unique among other baroque composers. He spent most of his life in three European cities: Reval (currently Tallinn), Gdańsk, and Riga. Born in Wasungen (Germany), he visited: Leipzig, Jena, Gotha, Copenhagen, Rotenburg, Kassel, Brema, Hamburg, Lübeck, Mitau, Kaliningrad (Königsberg), and Braunsberg. The lack of any sources in Polish deems this project worthy of scholarly investigation.
EN
The nine volumes, registered in the Catalogue of Polish prints from the 16th c. held in the Chapter Library in Gniezno by Rev. Leon Formanowicz and indicated as early as 1930, include hand-written dedication inscriptions dedicated to Wojciech Baranowski. These dedications have been complemented during a grant project headed by Dr. Piotr Pokora with four books that include hand- written dedications by three other persons. The gift books, discussed in a chronological order in the article, were donated by the Riga alderman Johann Tastius, secretary to the Brandenburg Elector Michael Giese and Cardinal Cezary Baroniusz and provide some additional information on the scope and directions of Primate Baranowski’s social relations. These relations, however, are analysed from the perspective of bookbinding studies. A particular attention is given to an attempt to define the nature of these dedications.
PL
Wskazane już w 1930 roku w Katalogu druków polskich XVI-go wieku Bibljoteki Kapitulnej w Gnieźnie ks. Leona Formanowicza dziewięć woluminów kryjących rękopiśmienne wpisy dedykacyjne dla Wojciecha Baranowskiego uzupełnione zostały w trakcie projektu grantowego kierowanego przez doktora Piotra Pokorę o następne cztery księgi zawierające rękopiśmienne dedykacje od trzech osób. Omówione chronologicznie w tekście książkowe dary wójta ryskiego Johanna Tastiusa, sekretarza elektora brandenburskiego Michaela Giese oraz kardynała Cezara Baroniusza, które dostarczają informacji o zasięgu i kierunku nawiązywanych przez Baranowskiego relacji społecznych, zanalizowano na płaszczyźnie tegumentologicznej. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono próbie określenia charakteru dedykacji.
PL
Artykuł zawiera omówienie problemu podróży na podstawie powieści Waleria i tomu Wspomnienia o dzieciństwie i młodości Beate Barbary Juliane von Krüdener (1764–1824). Krüdener to francuskojęzyczna pisarka, urodzona w Rydze, pochodząca z zasłużonego rodu Niemców bałtyckich, pod koniec życia doradczyni Aleksandra I. Artykuł składa się z pięciu części: „Kim była?” (biografia pisarki), „Nad Bałtykiem” (obraz Danii w Walerii i Liwonii we wspomnieniach), „W Petersburgu” (obraz carów rosyjskich), „W kierunku zachodnim” (obraz Danii i Włoch w Walerii oraz Niemiec, Francji, Anglii we wspomnieniach) i „Zakończenie” (koncepcja „Europejki rosyjskiej”). Podróże Krüdener miały charakter intelektualny (spotkania z elitami politycznymi i kulturalnymi Europy, udział w życiu kulturalnym). Europa Północna (zimna, melancholijna) zostaje skontrastowana z południową (ciepła, radosna).
EN
The paper presents the problem of travelling on the basis of the novel “Valérie” and the volume “The Memories of Childhood and Youth” by Beate Barbara Juliane von Krüdener (1764–1824). Krüdener was a French-language writer, born in Riga, belonging to the honourable family of Baltic Germans, who, at the end of her life, was an advisor to Alexander I. The paper consists of five parts: “Who was she?” (the writer’s biography) “On the Baltic Sea” (a picture of Denmark in “Valérie” and Livonia in the memories), “In Saint Petersburg” (a picture of  Russian tsars), “Towards the West” (a picture of Denmark and Italy in “Valérie” and Germany, France, England in the memories) and “The Conclusion” (the concept of a “Russian European”). Krüdener’s journeys were of intellectual type (meeting with political and cultural elites of Europe, participation in cultural life). Northern Europe (cold and melancholic) is contrasted with southern Europe (warm and cheerful).
PL
Artykuł bada relację z rosyjskiej okupacji Rygi w 1919 roku przedstawioną przez Monikę Hunnius. Opisuje ona przemoc i terror wojsk okupacyjnych wobec tzw. Niemców bałtyckich (Baltendeutsche) aż do chwili ich wypędzenia. Jednak nie chodzi tu jedynie o problem agresji. Recepcja Apokalipsy św. Jana jako swoistego subtekstu pozwala dostrzec agresywność w sferze języka. Agresywne strategie opisu są tu cechą charakterystyczną tekstu, apokaliptyczne obrazy przemocy służą do wyrażenia takich doświadczeń jak prześladowanie, strach i agresja.
EN
The present paper contributes to the discussion of violence in literature and language. It investigates the report by Monika Hunnius which describes aggression and terror under Russian occupation in Riga in 1919. Thereby, the analysis concentrates on two aspects: violence as the subject of the text – terror of Russian soldiers against Germans (the so called ‚Baltendeutschen‘) – and violence as a quality of the language the report uses. The interpretation of the text focuses on Hunnius’ reception of the apocalypse in The Book of the Revelation to John. Hunnius draws on apocalyptical visions to express suppression, fear and aggression.
DE
Der Beitrag untersucht einen Erlebnisbericht der deutschbaltischen Autorin Monika Hunnius über die russische Besetzung Rigas im Jahre 1919. Geschildert werden Gewalt und Terror der Besatzungsmacht bis zu deren Vertreibung. Doch hier geht es nicht nur um das Thema ‚Aggression‘, sondern durch die Rezeption der Offenbarung des Johannes gewissermaßen als Subtext auch um sprachliche Aggressivität, um aggressive Darstellungsstrategien als Texteigenschaft, zumal die apokalyptischen Gewaltbilder sich als Ausdruck von Unterdrückungs-, Angst- und Aggressionserfahrungen zu erkennen geben.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.