Search results

1

Aspekty polityczne i militarne „roku czterech cesarzy” (68-69 r. po Chr.). Część 2: Od śmierci Galby do zwycięstwa Wespazjana

100%

Kozłowski J., Królczyk K.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2015

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issue 12

33-60

EN

The aim of this paper is to discuss the political and military aspects of the Year of the Four Emperors, i.e. the period of civil war in Rome which began with the death of emperor Nero in June 68, and ended with Vespasian’s ascend to undivided power towards the end of 69. In Part Two, the author discusses the events which took place between the death of the Emperor Galba in January 69 and the final victory of Vespasian’s party in December 69.

2

Rzymski kult imperialny w świetle ksiąg Nowego Testamentu i świadectw pozabiblijnych

92%

Nalewaj A.

Forum Politologiczne

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2012

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vol. 14 - Politologia w chrześcijańskiej myśli społeczno-politycznej

57-84

EN

In the Anchor Bible Dictionary we can read, that: "The Roman imperial cult may be defined as the offering of divine honors to a living or dead emperor". There are some features of this phenomenon in the New Testament and contemporary Greco-Roman literature. Two of them are specific for present study. There are: Jewish tax and three significant imperial titles, such as: "Savior of the world", "Lord" and "Lord and God". In the fourth Gospel Jesus is addressed by the titles that were appropriated by one or more of the Roman emperors who reigned at the end of the first century. The presence of the titles in John's Gospel means that John knew of these honorifics in their Roman setting and the claim associated with them.

3

Aspekty polityczne i militarne „roku czterech cesarzy” (68-69 r. po Chr.). Część 1: do śmierci Galby

92%

Kozłowski J., Królczyk K.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2015

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issue 11

29-56

PL

The Year of the Four Emperors, as the period of civil wars in Rome after Nero’s death is often called, was the first major shake-up which affected the Roman state since a new system of rule, referred to as the Principate, had been established by Augustus. Following the imperial proclamation of Servius Sulpicius Galba, the governor of Spain (June 8th, 68) and the suicide of Nero (June 9th), the Roman state plunged into a profound political crisis. This was because the new emperor found no support either in the City itself, or among the soldiers of legions stationed on the Empire’s frontiers. On January 2nd, 69, Roman army on the Rhine hailed Aulus Vitellius, their commander, as the emperor. As Tacitus observed, this revealed the “secret of rule” (arcanum imperii) – namely one could become an emperor not only in the capital of the Empire but also on its remote periphery. Vitellius immediately began preparations for an armed contest with Galba. However, on January 15th, 69, the latter was murdered in Rome, and praetorians proclaimed M. Salvius Otho as the emperor.

4

Tyberiusz według Jacka Bocheńskiego

81%

Morawiec A., Morawiec A.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2016

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vol. 59/119 z. 3

31-39

EN

The article contains the interpretation of Jacek Bocheński’s Tyberiusz Cezar (2009). This historical novel, which is a polemic with the “black legend” of the Emperor Tiberius, created by Roman historians, especially Tacitus and Suetonius, takes the issue of the historical truth, entanglement in political power, as well as the state of contemporary culture.

5

Kasna antika: dekadencija ili „demokratizacija“ kulture?

81%

Milinović D.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2019

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issue 17

145-158

EN

In our age “without the emperor”, fascination with empires and with the emperor mystique continues. Take for witness Tolkien and his Return of the King, the third sequel of The Lord of the Rings, or the television serial Game of Thrones. In the background, of course, is the lingering memory of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, “a revolution which is still felt by all nations of the world”, to quote Edward Gibbon. It comes as a surprise that in this dramatic moment of its history, in times marked by political, economic and spiritual crisis that shook the very foundations of the Empire during the 3rd century, historians and art historians have recognized the revival of plebeian culture (arte plebea, kleinbürgerliche Kultur). It was the Italian historian Santo Mazzarino, talking at the XI International Congress of the Historical Sciences in Stockholm in 1960, who introduced a new paradigm: the “democratization of culture”. In the light of the historical process in the late Roman Empire, when growing autocracy, bureaucracy, militarization and social tensions leave no doubt as to the real political character of the government, the new paradigm opened up fresh approaches to the phenomenon of decadence and decline of the Roman world. As such, it stands against traditional scenario of the “triumph of barbarism and Christianity”, which was made responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire and the eclipse of the classical civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. It is not by accident that the new paradigm appeared around the middle of the 20th century, at the time when European society itself underwent a kind of “democratization of culture”, faced with the phenomenon of mass culture and the need to find new ways of evaluating popular art. Today, more than anything else, the notion of “democratization of culture” in late Roman Empire forces us to acknowledge a disturbing correspondence between autocratic and populist forms of government. It may come as a shock to learn that the very emperors who went down in Roman history as villains and culprits (such as Caligula, Nero or Commodus), were sometimes considered the most “democratic” among Roman rulers. Do we need to feel certain unease at this historical parallel?

6

Miasta rzymskie nad dolnym Dunajem w okresie przełomu (III–IV w.) ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem miasta Novae

81%

Mrozewicz L.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2010

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issue 1-2

261-285

PL

The article treats of the development of Roman cities on the Lower Danube, in the provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia. All these settlements were created in the vicin-ity of military strongholds. After the period of tremendous growth, which peaked in the 2nd century, the cities found themselves in profound crisis in the 3rd to 4th century. The cause of this should be seen in the massive invasions of Germanic tribes, and towards the close of the 4th century also Huns. In the aftermath, the urban and military structures underwent complete transformation, with both ultimately merging into one. This also applied in the case of Novae in Lower Moesia: throughout the latter part of the 3rd, and in the 4th century, the city changed entirely. Novae the castra and the canabae legionis I Italicae, vicus and Municipium Novensium metamorphosed into Civitas Novensis

7

Examining a scallop shell-shaped plate from the Late Roman Period discovered in Osie (site no.: Osie 28, AZP 27-41/26), northern Poland

81%

Sosnowski M., Noryśkiewicz A. M., Czerniec J.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2019

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vol. 14

91–98

EN

Research conducted using Airborne Laser Scanning methods in northern Poland allowed traces of a settlement from almost 2,000 years ago to be registered. The most valuable item found is a copper-alloy scallop shell-shaped plate which is still an unknown object in the cultural realities of the Roman Period in northern Poland. The results of pollen analysis of the material obtained during the cleaning of the found scallop shell-shaped plate indicate the dominance of herbaceous plants over the representation of trees in the vicinity of the archaeological site discussed. The advantage of synanthropic plants among herbaceous plants informs us about the open habitat communities formed as a result of human activity (fields, meadows, roads or ruderal areas).

8

Sobory powszechne w epoce późnego cesarstwa (IV–VI w.)

81%

Piechocka-Kłos M.

Studia Warmińskie

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2011

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issue 48

291-205

EN

The purpose of the paper is the presentation of the mutual political-religious relations between civil and religious authority in the time of the late Roman Empire. The main problem are the universal councils in this context. The paper concentrates on the presentation of course, role, meaning and circumstances of the collecting of this councils. The article doesn’t talk over the peculiar canons of the church law. The deeper analysis concerns to this council which took place from IV. to VI. Century: Nice (325), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451) and Constantinople II (553). In IV–VI centuries, when the emperors gave the acts protecting the state before the different dangers, the church did the same. The analysis of the documents presents some similarities between state and church. We can assert, that this assemblies doesn’t have the legislative and judicial power beyond the border of the dioceses of the participating bishops. They were the expression of the church consciousness. Thanks to the intrinsic value and the high level of the features of their participants, the councils have the great recognition. The consequence of this recognition was the lesser or more universal power of the law.

9

Wurde Tyras in das Römische Reich inkorporiert? Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Römischen Anwesenheit an der Nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste

81%

Królczyk K.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2017

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issue 16

399-415

EN

The following text has been devoted to the problem of incorporation of the Greek colony of Tyras, located not far away from the mouth of the river Tyras (Dniester) into the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), to the Roman Empire. Some scholars – among them Theodor Mommsen – were convinced that it happened in the middle of the 1. century AD or little later. There are, however, some historians who think that Tyras remained independent until its end in the late antiquity. Upon the analysis of the extant epigraphic sources, the author of the following article puts a hypothesis that Tyras was actually incorporated to the Roman province by the end of the 2. century AD. In his opinion it was the emperor Septimius Severus (ruled 193-211) who decided to enlarge the territory of the Empire in this part of the ancient oikumene. The incorporation of Tyras into the Roman Empire can bee seen as a part of the policy of the propagatio Imperii (the enlargement of the Empire) which was consistently carried out by Septimius Severus from the very beginning of his reign.

10

Some intellectuals in Tacitus and Pliny the Younger

70%

Pigoń J.

Classica Cracoviensia

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2015

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issue 18

311-334

EN

The paper provides a (far from exhaustive) overview of references found in Tacitus’ historical works (Annales, Historiae, Agricola) and in Pliny the Younger’s Epistulae to people who may be defined as “intellectuals”, notably to orators, historians and philosophers. The historian Tacitus is, in general terms, somewhat uninterested in those people in their capacity as men of letters; his focus is, rather, on their involvement in Roman politics (but he makes some interesting side-comments on their intellectual activity). Pliny, on the other hand, is more inclined to emphasize their mental pursuits and, also, to praise their achievements. However, a closer reading of passages devoted to such intellectuals in the Epistulae reveals that he uses them to promote his own image as an ideal Roman, devoted not only to studia but also to officia publica and officia amicorum, and an upholder of humanitas.

11

Novaesium type chape from the area of Międzyrzecz

70%

Kontny B.

Światowit

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2018

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vol. 57

83-88

EN

A copper alloy chape was found by chance by a detectorist, Ernest Buczkowski, at Silna – several kilometers to the east of Międzyrzecz. It is a unipartite form with an openwork crescent decoration on the front side fastened to the scabbard with the use of a nail. One should attribute the item to the Roman type Novaesium, dated to the late 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century. Outside the Roman limes, it was popular in the Elbe Circle as well as the Isle of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula during Subphases C1a and C1b. Some of the chapes of the said type (specifically the multipartite specimens) may be treated as barbarian replicas of Roman originals. However, it is not the case for the finding from Międzyrzecz. It is the second find of this type from the territory of Poland. It should be associated with the Wielbark Culture, which was situated in the Międzyrzecz region in the beginning of the Early Roman Period. It makes the finding very intriguing, as this cultural unit is characterised by the lack of weapons among the grave goods; therefore, the one in question sheds some light on the problem of armament in the Wielbark Culture.

12

Marble relief ‘Nero and Armenia’ from the Sebasteion at aPhrodisias in Caria (Asia Minor)

70%

Markaryan H. Z.

Światowit

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2018

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vol. 57

185-206

EN

The article is devoted to an artistic and historical study of a marble relief with a symbolic scene of Nero’s victory over Armenia from the Sebasteion sanctuary complex in the ancient town of Aphrodisias in Asia Minor. The temple complex was dedicated to the cult of the Julio-Claudian imperial dynasty. The artistic and stylistic analysis of the relief was performed in the context of the sculptural program and decoration of the whole complex, and took into consideration other images of Nero in the Sebasteion. Through a comparative analysis of the figure personifying Armenia depicted on the marble relief in Aphrodisias, as well as a series of images on coins and small statuary samples, characteristic iconographic traits of Armenia in the Roman imperial art were revealed. Along with this, the paper presents an in-depth ‘reading’ of this scene within the context of specific epi- sodes from the history of the Parthian-Roman conflict and the Roman struggle for Armenia during the period of 54–68 AD.

13

The Portrayal of Seneca in the Octavia and in Tacitus’ Annals

70%

Pigoń J.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

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2017

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vol. 27

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issue 3

EN

The paper examines the representation of Seneca in two literary works of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD, the anonymous tragedy Octavia and the Annals by Tacitus. In the Octavia Seneca appears as the emperor Nero’s upright but unhappy teacher trying in vain to inculcate salutary advice to his master. There is no question of his being responsible for the crimes of Nero; the picture of him drawn in the play is wholly favourable. The portrayal of Seneca in Tacitus’ Annals is more complex and nuanced, and only seldom does the historian give his own views about Nero’s advisor. However, it would be wrong to suppose that Seneca is harshly criticised by Tacitus.

14

Roman oil lamps with peltae relief on base. New evidence from Apsaros (Gonio, Georgia)

70%

Jaworska M.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2020

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issue 21

37-49

EN

Discovery of two lamps at the Roman fort of Apsaros (Gonio, Georgia) offers further insights concerning adaptation of the pelta motif on Roman lamps. Inquiry into the nature of the ornaments on the base – previously unknown in Colchis – leads to conclusions about the possible influx of goods to the fort located on the outskirts of the Roman Empire.

15

Aeternus Augustus in der Titulatur der römischen Kaiser im Späten 3. Und im 4. jh.

70%

Balbuza K.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2017

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issue 16

103-127

EN

The article is concerned with the title aeternus Augustus and its position in Roman imperial titulature at the end of the third and during the fourth century A.D. Modern authors tend to rate this title among the so-called unofficial imperial titulature, mainly due to the fact that it served to admire the emperor. The paper discusses forms and methods of addressing the emperor who was determined by the appellation aeternus Augustus. The analysis of these enables to appoint, out of the emperors of the discussed period, those few who were officially specified as aeterni.

16

The capture Hatrā in light of military and political activities of Ardašīr I

70%

MAKSYMIUK K.

Historia i Świat

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2017

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issue 6

89-95

EN

Hatrā was a city in Upper Mesopotamia which gained strategic importance in Irano-Roman border zone in 2nd century AD and managed to successfully resist the attempts of capturing by the Roman army. Power shift in Iran which resulted in taking over of Iranian throne by Ardašīr I (224-242) changed the situation of Hatrā. Below considerations are an attempt to analyze economic, political and first of all military factors which allowed capturing the city in 240/241 by the Sasanian army.

17

Hľadanie rímskeho prístavu. O počiatkoch systematického prieskumu riečneho dna Dunaja pri Iži

70%

Daňová M., Daňová K., Halinár M., Hoffman M., Koprivňanský A., Lieskovský T., Sočuvka V.

Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia

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2022

|

issue 116

319-328

EN

The Roman fort at Iža was a strategic advanced site of the Limes Romanus/Ripa Pannonica defence system opposite Brigetio, on the northern bank of the Danube. So far there have been no targeted researches about the direct documents concerning supply and communication modes used in this site (in the context of the adjacent defence system). Historical records and early archaeological researches described walled structures with various interpretations (cloaca, pier). According to their position with regard to river course, it is possible to assume that such structures were used for bank defence purposes or as constructions of an independent port. In order to find an answer to this question, the authors of this paper have exploited both traditional and innovative methods (LIDAR, various types of sonars).

18

Wokół problemów interpretowania przekazu źródeł numizmatycznych [rec. E. Manders: Coining Images of Power. Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193–284. Leiden–Boston 2012]

70%

Kluczek A. A.

Wieki Stare i Nowe

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2014

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vol. 7

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issue 12

129-136

PL

Artykuł recenzyjny monografii Erik Manders pt. "Coining Images of Power. Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284" (Leiden-Boston 2012).

19

Colonia Flaviopolis (Plin. HN 4, 47), czyli kilka uwag na marginesie nazewnictwa rzymskich kolonii w okresie cesarstwa

70%

Jurkowski M.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

|

2023

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issue 25

157-169

EN

The article examines the validity of the view which challenges Pliny the Elder’s information concerning the existence of the colony of Flaviopolis on the Thracian Chersonesus, arguing that its name was unusual for a colony. The author discusses situations in which the title of the colony could have been combined with local place names ending in -polis. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the peculiar character of Natural History as a source for toponomastic research and the fact that the latter work also mentions the colony of Flaviobrica, whose name seems interesting given the doubts surrounding the legal status of the Thracian Flaviopolis.

20

Doryforos w pancerzu – czyli o wizerunku Augusta z Prima Porta słów kilka

70%

Kwaśny M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

|

2015

|

issue 30

69-81

EN

Images of emperors of Julio-Claudian dynasty and especially the most famous representation of Octavian Augustus of Prima Porta, became the prototype representation of emperors-officers for the representatives of the next dynasty wielding Roman Empire. Statue of Augustus, no doubt modeled on Doryphoros – a statue made by Polykleitos (sculptor-foundry of classical Greek era) is an example of the propaganda image of the emperor. Statua loricata – a statue of Octavian in the breastplate – presents emperor during adlocutio – speech addressed to the army. Models of classical Greek sculpture exhibit at the statue of the emperor by using position called contrapposto and deification of the emperor by showing him barefoot. Among other things, lack of shoes indicates that the statue of Octavian was made after the death of the ruler. The divine pedigree of the emperor was also marked by the attributes that are on his right leg – Cupid and dolphin. Head of Augustus was also performed on the model Doryphoros, and its distinctive hairstyle is defined as a „Primaporta” type. The most important element of the Prima Porta statue of the emperor is his breastplate. Armor classified as a torso cuirass is here as long type – with the downward extension, meant to protect the lower abdominal part. Armor probably originally made of leather, on the statue of Octavian is very richly decorated with historical and mythological reliefs. In the central part of the armor was shown a scene that shows the Parthians transferring military signs (signum militare) that have been lost by Marcus Crassus in 53 BC. On both sides of middle scene, were placed two women – personifications of lands conquered by Rome. The whole presentation is observed by the images of deities: Tellus Mater – Mother of Earth, Apollo, Diana, the god of the Sun – Sol, goddess of the moon – Luna and the God of heaven – Caelus. Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta combines classical designs of sculptures of Polykleitos period and contemporary elements of the propaganda of the imperial policy of the Augustus principate. Sculpture showing the first emperor of the Roman Empire, dressed in breastplate has become an example image of the rulers shown as the leaders of the army but also showing the immense power of propaganda policy.

PL

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Aspekty polityczne i militarne „roku czterech cesarzy” (68-69 r. po Chr.). Część 2: Od śmierci Galby do zwycięstwa Wespazjana

Rzymski kult imperialny w świetle ksiąg Nowego Testamentu i świadectw pozabiblijnych

Aspekty polityczne i militarne „roku czterech cesarzy” (68-69 r. po Chr.). Część 1: do śmierci Galby

Tyberiusz według Jacka Bocheńskiego

Kasna antika: dekadencija ili „demokratizacija“ kulture?

Miasta rzymskie nad dolnym Dunajem w okresie przełomu (III–IV w.) ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem miasta Novae

Examining a scallop shell-shaped plate from the Late Roman Period discovered in Osie (site no.: Osie 28, AZP 27-41/26), northern Poland

Sobory powszechne w epoce późnego cesarstwa (IV–VI w.)

Wurde Tyras in das Römische Reich inkorporiert? Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Römischen Anwesenheit an der Nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste

Some intellectuals in Tacitus and Pliny the Younger

Novaesium type chape from the area of Międzyrzecz

Marble relief ‘Nero and Armenia’ from the Sebasteion at aPhrodisias in Caria (Asia Minor)

The Portrayal of Seneca in the Octavia and in Tacitus’ Annals

Roman oil lamps with peltae relief on base. New evidence from Apsaros (Gonio, Georgia)

Aeternus Augustus in der Titulatur der römischen Kaiser im Späten 3. Und im 4. jh.

The capture Hatrā in light of military and political activities of Ardašīr I

Hľadanie rímskeho prístavu. O počiatkoch systematického prieskumu riečneho dna Dunaja pri Iži

Wokół problemów interpretowania przekazu źródeł numizmatycznych [rec. E. Manders: Coining Images of Power. Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193–284. Leiden–Boston 2012]

Colonia Flaviopolis (Plin. HN 4, 47), czyli kilka uwag na marginesie nazewnictwa rzymskich kolonii w okresie cesarstwa

Doryforos w pancerzu – czyli o wizerunku Augusta z Prima Porta słów kilka